Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/companiontofourtOOparln, with the assisUmce of king Grimoaldus. The walls are of ROMANESQUE. 7 stone, and quite plain. Witliin these is an insulated peristyle of eight piers, bearing- round arches, which help to support the dome, in conjunction with the outer circle of the walls. This church offers an instance of the preference of the Lombards for the round fonil." Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 21. 669. The monastery of Reculver built. Sax.€hron. 672 — 674. Benedict Biscop built the monastery of Wear- mouth (Bede, Vita Abb. Wiremuth. et Gerv. ed. Giles, p. 364), and in 680 that of Jarrow. (Ibid., p. 370.) A year after the monastery of Wearmouth had been built, " Benedict crossed the sea into Gaul, and no sooner asked than he obtained and carried back with him masons {ccBtnentarios) to build him a stone chtirch in the Roman style, which he had always admired. So much zeal did he shew from his love to St. Peter of Wearmouth, in whose honour he was building it, that within a year from the time of laying the foundation you might see the roof on and the solemnity of the mass celebrated therein. When the work was drawing to completion, he sent messen- gers to Gaul to fetch makers of glass (that is artificers), who were at this time unknown in Britain, that they might glaze the windows of his church, as well as those of the cloisters (porticuum) and dining-rooms. This was done, and they came, and not only finished the work required, but taught the English nation their art, which was well adapted for enclosing the lanterns of the church, and for the vessels required for various uses." Benedict then went on his fourth journey to Rome, and on his return " he brought with him pictures of sacred subjects, to adorn the church of St. Peter which he had built; namely, a picture of the Virgin Mary and of the twelve Apostles, with which he intended to encircle the central nave (testudn) on boarding placed from one wall to the other ; also some subjects of the gospel history, to adorn the south wall of the church, and others from the Revelation of St. John for the north wall, so that every one who entered the church, even if they could not read, wherever they turned their eyes might have before them the amiable counte- nance of Christ and his saints, though it were but in a picture, and with watchful minds might reflect on the benefits of our Lord's incarnation ; and having before their eyes the perils of the last judgment, might examine their hearts the more strictly on that account." When he had built the second monastery (Jarrow), Benedict made a fifth voyage to Rome, and on his return he "brought with him pictures out of our Lord's history, which he hung round the church of our Lady which he had made in the larger monastery (Monks Wearmouth) ; and others to adorn St. Paul's church and monastery (Jarrow), ably describing the connection of the Old and New Testament; as, for instance, Isaac bearing the wood for his own sacrifice, and Christ carrying the cross on which He was about to suffer, were placed side by side. Again, the serpent raised up by Moses in the desert was compared with the Son of Man exalted on the cross." (Ibid., p. 366.) This account of Bede is of great importance, because he was an inmate of these monasteries, contemporary with the events he relates, and must have seen almost daily the pictures and ornaments he describes. 8 ROMANESQUE. The present tower of Monks Wearmouth is very rude both in design and workmanship, and evidently of remote antiquity. The church of Jarrow was dedicated in (584, wlien Ceolfrid was abbot of that monastery under Benedict Biscop: the follow PDlD/CATlOB/^SlL/i^AE 5CI PAVii v/;i;ri nai ANNO XVECFaioi KEG ^jH^ CEOLF/{IDi ABBBiySDEM Q'ECCLES DO AVCrORE COND» TOR/S AWNO MM injj inscription is still preserved cut in stone on the church wall, where it was probably placed when the church was rebuilt soon after the Nor- man conquest. Pegge'i Sylloge of Inarriptions, p. 15. The present church of Jarrow is of early Norman character, but it appears from the engraving of it in Pegge's Sylloge, that there are rude arches and other remains of an earlier building concealed by the plastering of the walls. Near the church are the ruins of some domestic or monastic build- ings of very rude and early character, much resembling the supposed Saxon. The straightlined arch or opening occurs over a door and a window, formed of single stones meeting at an angle in a very rude manner. 673. St. Etheldritha built the monastery of Ely. Bede, Hist. Eccl., lib. iv. c. 19, and Chron. Petriburg., p. 2. 674. The church of York restored by bishop Wilfred. He found the church of York, which had been built of stone by Paulinus in the reign of king Eadwin, in a complete state of ruin — " nam culmina anticjuata tecti distillantia, fenestraeque apertse, avibus nidificantibus intro et foras volitantibus, et parietes incultse, omni spurcitia imbrium et avium horribiles manebant." He repaired the supports of the roof, covered it with lead, had the windows glazed, and cleaned and restored the walls — " Primum culmina corrupta tecti renovans, artificiose plumbo puro tegens, per fenestras l^troitum avium et imbrium vitro prohibuit, per quod tamen intro lumen radie- bat: parietes quoque lavans, secundum prophetam, super nivem dealbavit." EddiuK, Vit. Wiifr., chap. 16. For glazing the >vindows, in all probability he employed the same artificers whom his friend Benedict Biscop had then recently introduced into England. See A.D. 672. Wilfred also built a church at Ripon. It was built from the foundations to the summit of smoothed stone, and sup- ported on various columns and porticoes—" in Rypis basilicam polito lapide a fundiujicntis in terra iis<|ue ad summum CBdificatam, variis columnis et porti- ROMANESQUE. 9 cihiis suffultam in altuni cvcxit et consiimmavit." (Eddiiis, Vit. Wiifr., chap, xvii.) Eddius in another place speaks of the horns of the church — " a comibm hasi- licjB nostrsB Sancto Petro dedicatae." ibid., chap. 65. The same bishop built the church of Hexham in honour of St. Andrew the Apostle. *' Cujus profundi ta tern in terra cum domibus mirifice politis lapidibus funda- tam, et super terrain multiplicem domum, columnis variis et porticibus multis suffultam, mirabilique lonj^itudine et altitudine murorum ornatani, et variis linearum anfractibus viarum, aliquando sursum, aliquando deorsum, per cochleas circumductam non est mea; parvitatis hoc senuone explicare neque ullam domum aliam citra Alpes montes talem sedificatam audivimus." EddiiiH, Vit. Wilfr., chap. 22. " Cum ajdilicantes namque cocmentarii murorum hujus domus altitudines, quidam juvenis ex servis Dei, de pinna enormis proceritatis elapsus ad terram, deorsum cadens in pavinuiitum lapidcum^ illisus cecidit," etc. Eddius, ib. c. 23. Wilfred built another church at Hexham, which he dedicated to the Virgin Mary — "construxerat quondam beatus Wilfridus in eodem vico ecclesiam in honore beatissimaj vir«^inis Maria? opere rotundo, quam quatuor portions quatuor respicientes mundi climata ambiebant." It was destroyed by the Danes, and afterwards repaired by a [Saxon] priest. Mirac. s. Wilfr., Act. 88. Bened. sjec. iii. part 1, p. 210. 675. The Mercians converted under their king Wulfliere, who built churches in many places — "multis in locis ecclesias aedifi- ca\dt.'' Florence. Ermenildis, daughter of Wulfherc, king of Mercia, built a church at Staines. " Processu vero temporis Ermenildis venustiori opere de lapidibus ecclesiam ibidem fabricari fecit." Vit. Wulf., ap. Lcland. Collcctan., voT. i. p. i. 675. The abbey of Malmesbury founded by Eleutherius bishop of Winchester, and Aldhelm appointed abbot. W. Malmesb., de Eccl. Reg. Aug-., p. 6. 675 — 7(54. Brixworth Church, Northamptonshire, supposed to be founded by Cuthbald, second abbot of Medeshampstead (Peterborough), about this period. This church has been rebuilt of Roman materials at some period antecedent to the twelfth century, and the work is of rude character, but affords no CAddence by which any judgment can be formed of the actual date. " Unde factum est ut ex ipso monasterio (^ledeshamstedhensi) pluva alia sint C(mdita, et de eadem congregatione monachi et abbates constituti, sicut ad Auearig, quod modo Torneia dicitur, ct ad Biirklcsuurtha, et ad Bredun, C 10 ROMANESQUE. et ad Wennundeseya, ct ad Repingas, et ad Wocliingas, et ad plura tj .« Hugo Candidas, p. 8. Tower, fol. iii. Plato 3H. Arch, vol. iii. Plate 4. Doorway, vol, iii. Plate 30. Window, vol. ii. Plate 147. Window, vol. iii. Plate 39. 676. TIic abbeys of Chertsey and Barking founded by Erken- wald, bishop of London. (Florence.) 695. The church of S. Frediano of Lucca, called Basilica Longobardorum, built by order of Bertarith, king of the Lom- bards, and of Cunipcrt his son. Mem. Lucch., t. viii. p. 6. 708. Glastonbury restored very sumptuously by king Ina. Chron. Petriburg., p. 3. It took several years to finish the building of the church, which was the same that was standing in the time of Dunstan. A MS. at Oxford (cited in the Monasticon) gives an extravagant account of the munificence of Ina, and says that a "chapel" was made of gold and silver. " Ina rex fecit construere quandam capellam in Glastonia ex auro et avgento." The verses given by Pegge (syiioge, p. 14.) describe the church as having two towers in front. Anglia plaude lubens, mittit tibi Roma salutem, Fulgor apostolicus Glastoniam irradiat. A facie hostili duo propugnacula surgunt ; Quod fidei turreis urbs caput orbis habet. Haec pius egregio rex Ina refertus amore Dona suo populo non moritura dedit. 709. Acca succeeded Wilfred as bishop of Hexham. " He nuich adorned and added to the structure of his church, which is dedi- cated to St. Andrew the Apostle. For he made it his business, and does so still, to procure relics of the blessed Apostles and martyrs of Christ from all parts, to place them on altars, dividing the same by arches in the ivalls of the church." Bcde, Hist. Eccl., lib. v. c. 20. 710. Naitan, king of the Picts, sent messengers to Ceolfrid abbot of Jarrow ; " he also prayed to have architects sent him to build a church in his nation after the Roman manner ^ promis- ing to dedicate the same in honour of St. Peter,'' and Ceolfrid " sent the architects he desired." Bcde, Hist. Eccl., lib. v. c. 21. 71G. The monastery of Croyland founded by Ethelbald, king of the Mercians. Ingulph. Hist., p. 484, ed. Savile, and Chron. Petri- »Mir}(., p. A. 718. Cuthl)urg;i built the monastery at Winburne. Sax. Chron. ROMANESQUE. 11 720—750. S. Theodore, Pavia, Lombardy. '' The exact time of tlie construction is not known, but it must have been in existence in the early part of the eighth century, because Theodore, bishop of Pavia, was buried in that church in the year 750. It is impossible not to see in the Lombard churches of Pavia the original of the churches in the valley of the Rhine. The Lombard style was introduced into the Rhenish provinces by the Carlovingian sovereigns of Italy, who resided at Aix-la-Chapelle, in the immediate neighbourhood of the Rhine, and who passing some time, as they frequently did, at Pavia, could not fail to remark the churches with which it had been enriched by the Lombard kings. That such was the fact is suffi- ciently proved by S. Castor of Coblentz, which was built chiefly at the expense, and was consecrated in the presence of, Louis the Pious in 836, and is the earliest instance of the appearance of the Lombard style in the Rhenish provinces. Louis the Pious was often at Pavia, and held more than one diet in that city." Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 1.5. The church of S. Castor of Coblentz was in a great degree rebuilt by the provost Bruno in the latter part of the twelfth century, but the original plan, and portions of the original work were preserved, according to the opinion of M. de Lassaulx, of Coblentz, the architect employed by the king of Prussia to repair the church in 1830. M. de Lassaulx has investigated the history of the churches near the Rhine with much care, and his judgment may generally be relied on. See his notes added to the third edition of Whewell'i Architectural Notes on German Churches. Cambridge, 1842, p. 174. 750. S. Julia, Brescia, Lombardy. " This chapel is one of the latest works of the Lombard dynasty. It formed part of a large convent, founded and built by Desiderius, the last Lombard king. It remains in a very perfect state, and, with its cupola and arcades, is a pleasing specimen of the Lombard style." Gallj Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 21. 766. Ecgbert, archbishop of York, died. Sax. Chron. The church of York was rebuilt under Ecgbert. Alcuin, who was Ecgbert's scholar, gives the following description of the new building. Ast nova basilicae mirae structura diebus Praesulis hujus erat jam coepta, peracta, sacrata. Haec nimis alta domus solidis sufFulta columnis, Suppositae quae stant curvatis arcubus, intus Emicat egregiis laquearibus atque fenestris, Pulchraque porticibus fulget circumdata multis, Plurima diversis retinens solaria teclis, Quae triginta tenet variis ornatibus aras. Hoc duo discipuli templum, doctore jubente, ^dificaverunt, Eanbaldus et Alcuinus, ambo Concordes operi devota mente studentes. Alcuin., de Pontific. &c. Eccles. Ebor., ap. Gale, p. 729. j|- 769 — 814. Charlemagne, the founder and restorer of a great number of monasteries and churches on the continent. ,._, ROMANESQUE. 774. " Convent of Lorsch, Germany, in the Bergstrasse, be- tween Darmstadt and Manheim, founded in 764, in the reign of Pepin, king of the Franks : the church was consecrated in 774, in presence of Charlemagne.'' See Holler's Denkmaler, Plates 1—4. ♦* In 1090 the church was burnt, but was soon rebuilt; the ruins of this second church are in the style of the eleventh century, but the portico [or gate- house] which is here (lelincated (Plates 1. to 4. of Moller,) exhibits the dege- nerated Roman architecture after the fall of the empire." Over the larger arches is a small ornamental arcade, the pilasters of which are quite of Roman character, while the arches are acute-angled triangles. The masonry is arranged in ornamental patterns. In the interior is an arch ornamented with zigzags, and with moulded imposts and bases resembling the later Romanesque work : the sUiircase at the west end of the building is evidently an addition to the original structure : it is in the rude style of the eleventh century. 788. King Elfwald slain at ' Scythlescester' near the Wall, in Northumberland. A church was built in the place, dedicated to Saints Cuthbert and Oswald. Simeon of Durham. 790. St. Clement's, at Rome. Rebuilt by Adrian the First, but with little departure from the original form of that built in the fourth or fifth century. Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 1 ; D'Agincourt, Plate 16. 790—819. Church of S. Prassede, Rome. " This church was entirely rebuilt, as Anastasius tells us, by popes Adrian I. and Paschal I. It is on the usual plan of the Basilica, with the addition of a series of immense round arches, which are thrown over the nave at wide intervals, and assist in supporting the roof. Paschal, having completed the building, proceeded to enrich it with mosaics, which still exist. He also added, in the year 819, a small chapel, which opens out of one side of the church. It is a square building, with a vaulted roof. The sides as well as the ceiling of this chapel are covered with mosaics. It proves that even in the ninth century, on the eve of the darkest times, Rome still retained more of her former taste and abilities than has usually been supposed. The chapel was dedicated to St. Zeno, and is one of the earliest instances of a side chapel, which formed no part of the primitive churches." Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Pi. 27. 794. The monastery of St. Alban's founded by Offa, king of the Mercians. ** The relicjues of St. Alban, up to that time obscurely buried, he (Offa) ordered to be reverently taken up and placed in a shrine decorated to the fullest extent of royal muniiicence with precious stones and gold ; a church of most beautiful workmanship was there erected, and a society of monks assembled." w. Maimesb. ite Owt. B«g. An^l., and Mutth. Paris, p. 338, ad an. 1571. [This church was how- cvcr rebuilt in il.r tinx- of (li,- Conqueror.] i ROMANESQUE. DETAILS OF THE PORTICO OR GATEHOUSE OF LORSCH, A.D. 774. 11 ROMANESQUE. 796. WiNCHELCOMBE. " For at Winchelconihc, where he (Kenulf) had built a church to God, which yet remaius, on the day of its dedication he freed the captive king at the altar." W, Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 17. v. 802. Church of Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany. Built by Charlemagne, after the plan of that at Ravenna, from whence he is said also to have brought the columns. The vault is ornamented with mosaics, outlines of which are given by Ciampini (Vetera Monumenta, tom. ii. cap. xxii, p. 129), and copied by D'Agincourt (Peinture, Plate 17). Exterior and interior views, and a geometrical plan of the building, are also given by the latter. Archit,, Plate 25. 816. " At a synod held at Celcyth, under Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury^ in which synod the first form of consecrating churches in England was established, it was ordained, that when any church is built, it shall be consecrated by the proper dioce- san ; and he shall provide that the saint to whom the church is dedicated, be pictured, engraved, or somehow expressed, either on the wall, the altar, or some pro- per tablet. '^ Spelman, Concilia, p. 328 ; Synodus apud Celichyth, cap. ii. 836 — 856. Ethelwulf, famed for his bounty to the Church. In 855, he being at Rome, '' scholam Anglo- rum, quae, ut fertur, ab OfFa rege Merciarum primitus instituta, pro- ximo anno conflagraverat, reparavit egregie/' \V. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 20. V. 847 — 855. Campanile of Santa Francesca Romana, Rome. " Built by Leo IV. in the ninth century. Adrian I., who was elected in 772, erected the first belfry : it was of a character very similar to this, and became the model after which most of the ancient belfries of Rome were designed. They are all square towers of brick, plain up to the height of the roof [of tlie clmrch], and afterwards divided inU) stories by projecting cornices: each . ,,. Hl».ry lias a greater or less number of win- c.mp.„i.c or s. rr.„ce.ca. ) ROMANESQUE. 15 dows, divided by single pillars [or shafts] standing in the middle of the thick- ness of the wall, with a block of stone reaching through the wall, serving as capital to the shaft and impost to the two small arches of the openings. [The belfries of the churches near the Rhine are an evident imitation of these, and some of the supposed Saxon towers in England bear also considerable resemblance to them.] Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 28. 857. Cathedral of Pola, in Istria. The date is recorded by an inscription preserved in the wall. A ])lan and sections are engraved by D'Agincourt. Plate 25, Nos. 17—19. 861 — 882. The atrium, high altar, and tabernacle of S. Ambrogio, Milan. " This atrium was added to the church by bishop Anspertus, who died in 882. The church itself has been too much altered to be cited as an authority. The magnificent case of the altar was presented by Angilbertus, bishop of Milan, who died in 861. The front is made of thin plates of gold, divided into compartments by thin stripes of enamel, studded with jewels. The sides and back are composed of plates of silver gilt. The plates are embossed with figures. Four pillars of porphyry support the canopy, which is adorned with bas-reliefs on its four sides. The whole is in imitation of the Roman style." Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plates 24—26. 870. The Danes "came to Medeshamstede, and burned and beat it down, slew abbot and monks, and all that they found there.^' Sax. Chron. 872—901. Alfred. " One half portion of all revenues, provided they were justly acquired, he gave to his monasteries ; all his other income he divided into two equal parts ; the first was again subdivided into three ; of which the first was given to the servants of his court, the second to artificers, whom he constantly employed in the erection of new edifices in a manner admirable and hitherto unknown to the English ; the third he gave to strangers. The second part of the revenue was divided in such a manner that the first portion should be given to the poor of his kingdom, the second to the monasteries, the third to scholars, the fourth to foreign churches." W. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 25. King Alfred built a monastery at Athelney (in Adelingia), in Somersetshire, " fecitque ecclesiam situ quidem pro angustia spacii modicam, sed novo aedificandi modo compactam : quatuor eiiim postes solo infixi tota suspendrent machinam : quatuor camellis opere sphoerico in circuito diictis." w. Malmesb., de Gest. Pontif. Angl., p. 145. He built also the new monastery at Winchester, and completed the nunnery at Shaftesbury, of which he appointed his own daughter Ethelgiva abbess. W. Malmesb., de Gest. Keg. Angl,, p. 24. v., and Rog, de Hoved. Annal., p. 241. 16 ROMANESQUE. 876. Mosque of Toulouse, at Cairo, Egypt. This buiUlinp is recorded by Makrisi to have been built by a Christian ait;hitect. It has numerous inscriptions on the friezes, Sec. in the ancient Culic character, which confirm the date. It has pointed and horse-shoe arches. Ccwte, Archit. Arabe, Plates 3 — 6. 924. Athelstan built and repaired many monasteries. W. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 26. v. 934. Odo made archbishop of Canterbury. Odo new-roofed the cathedral, and raised the walls considerably. It took three years to complete his work. Vita S. Odon. ap. Act. SS.Ord. Bened., Saec. V. p. 293. 940. The monastery of Jumieges, built by William T., duke of Normandy. Order. Vital., lib. iii. " For amid his warlike pursuits, he ever designed one day to become a monk at Jumieges ; which place, deserted from the time of Hasting, he cleared of the overspreading thorns, and with princely magnificence exalted to its present state." William of Malmesbury, Sharpe's transl., p. 167. This monastery appears to have been rebuilt about a century after this period. See A. D. 1051. 942. Dunstan made abbot of Glastonbury by king Edmund. Chron. Petriburg., p. 28. Dunstan built the new church at Glastonbury (shortly before the death of Edred) : a tower was finished under Edred's successor Edwy. Osbem., Vit. Dunstan. 948. King Edred, at the solicitation of Turketulus, his chan- cellor and relation, rebuilt the monastery of Croyland (Chron. Petriburg., p. 29), of which Turketulus himself was afterwards appointed abbot. Ingulf, Hist. Mon. Croyl., p. 496. 959. King Edgar. *' Scarce a year elapsed he did not build some new monastery." Osbem. Vit. DaMtan, p. 170. 960. Mosque of Cordova, Spain. The sanctuary of Mihrab was built at this period in the Moorish or Arabian I style, and ornamented with arabesques and mosaics by the Calif Hakem, ^ among which are various inscriptions of undoubted authenticity, in Arabic, of the Cufic character, engraved by M. de Prangey, Plate 5. Girauit de Prangey, Architfciure den Arubt'H et dc« Mores on Espagne, &c. Essai, Pi. 3, 4, 5, 6, and Atlas, Plate 6 »l»o, Moyi-n Age Monuinentulo. 900. Mosque at Taragona, Spain. .\ vahiable fragment of an Arabic building of this date is given by M*? d* Prangry in ihv first plate of his ' Kssai,'" and the inscription in which rfie date ; ROMANESQUE. 17 is recorded on Plate 5. It consists of a horse-shoe arch, with the charac- teristic ornaments of the Moorish style, among which is the inscription. 961. S. Athelwold, with the assistance of king Edgar, restored many monasteries, rebuilt Thorney and others. Chron. Petriburg., p. 30. 962. St. Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. William of Malmesbury (De Gest. Pontif., p. 202.) says, speaking of Dun- stan : " Surgebant ergo in tota insula religiosorum monasteria, cumulabantur mole pretiosi metalli sanctorum altaria, nee degenerabant a decore (sdium mores sedificantium." 962. St. Paul's minster at London burnt, and rebuilt (or repaired) the same year. Sax. Chron. 963. Athelwold made bishop of Winchester. The next year he " made many minsters . . . and afterwards he came to the king, and begged of him that he would give him all the minsters which heathen men had formerly broken down, because he would restore them: and the king blithely granted it. And then the bishop came first to Ely .... and caused the minster to be made. . . . After that came bishop Athelwold to the minster which was called Medeshamstede, which fonnerly had been destroyed by heathen men : he found nothing there but old walls and wild woods. There found he hidden in the old walls writings that Abbot Headda had formerly written . . . Then caused he the minster to be built . . . This was done in 972." Sax. Chron. "Dunstanus . . . et Oswaldus Eboracensis ac Adelwoldus . . . xxvi. abbatias monachorum vol sanctimonialium in Anglia construxerunt." Orderic. Vital. Hist., lib. i. p. 164. ed. Le Provost. " How powerful indeed the sanctity and virtue of Dunstan's disciples were, is sufficiently evidenced by Athelwold, made abbot of Abingdon from a monk of Glastonbury, and afterwards bishop of Winchester, who built so many and such great monasteries, as to make it appear hardly credible, how the bishop of one see should be able to effect what the king of England himself could scarcely undertake. I am deceived and err through hasty opinion, if what I assert be not evident. How great are the monasteries of Ely, Peterborough, and Thorney, which he raised from the foundations, and completed by his industry ; which, though repeatedly reduced by the wickedness of plunderers, are yet sufficient for their inhabitants." w. Maimesb., de Gest. Reg. Angi., p. 31. 966 — 980. St. Pantaleon^s church at Cologne, of which a part still remains. De Lassaulx's Notes on the Churches of the Rhine, p. 216. 969. The church of Ramsey commenced by Oswald. (Hist. Rames.) It was finished and dedicated in 974, (Archfeologia, vol. xiv. pp. 154 — 161.) having taken five years in building. D 18 ROMANESQUE. " Exquisiti conducuntur artifices, constmendse basilicaB longitude, et latitude comuiensurjitur, fuiulumenta alta propter uliginem undique vicinam jaciuntur, et crebris orietura ictibus in solidam supponendo oneri fortitudinem fortius con- tunduntur. Operariis igitur, tam devotionis fervore, quam mercedis amore laboreni continuantibus, dum alii lapides comportant, alii coementum confi- ciuut alque alii boo et illos rotali macbina in altum subministrant, Domino incrementum pra;stante opus indies altius consurgit. Duae quoque turres ipsis tectorum culminibus eminebant, quarum minor versus occidentem in fronte basilicjE pulcbrum intrantibus insulam a longe spectaculum praebebat ; major vero in quadritidae structurae medio columnas quatuor, porrectis de alia ad aliam arcubus sibi invicem connexas, ne laxe defluerent, deprimebat. Juxta cam qua vetus ilia antiquitas utebatur aedificandi formam, spectabile satis aedi- ficium." Historia Rames., cap. 20. Oswald founded many cburches, some of which he gave to Ramsey. Hist. Kameti., c. 23. " One morning, as the monks left their beds, they beheld a great crack in the higher tower, from top to bottom, which threatened the ruin of the church by its fall. They applied again to their patron Alcuin. He came to Ramsey, and was received with great joy. The masons, when called to give their opi- nion, said the foundation had given way. Oswald, then at York, was con- sulted, and they pulled the tower down, and found that the workmen were right. They made a stronger foundation with stones and cement, rammed down in the earth, and built a more noble structure than the former. Hist. Rames., cc. 53—56. [There is no reason to suppose that any part of this edifice is now standing.] 969. Ely restored by Bishop Athelwold. It appears from the Ely history (ed. Gale, p. 489.) that much of the older building, which had been left standing by the Danes, was adopted into the new edifice. [But the whole has subsequently been rebuilt.] 974. Edgar's charter to Malmesbury says, " In aid of my pious devotion, heavenly love suddenly insinuated to my watch- ful solicitude that I should rebuild all the holy monasteries throughout my kingdom, which as they were visibly ruinated with mouldering shingles and worm-eaten boards, even to the rafters, so, what was still worse, they had become internally neglected and almost destitute of the service of God ; wherefore, ejecting those illiterate clerks, subject to the discipline of no regular order, in many places I have appointed pastors of an hohcr race, that is, of the monastic order, supplying them with ample means out of my royal revenues to repair their churches wherever ruinated, &c.'* \v. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 32. ROMANESQUE. ][) 976—1071. St. Mark's, Venice. Built by the best Greek architects of the time. "The plan of St. Mark's, like that of S. Sophia, is a Greek cross, with the addition of spacious porticoes. The centre of the building is covered with a dome, and over the centre of each of the arms of the cross rises a smaller cupola. All the remaining parts of the building are covered with vaults, in constructing which the Greeks became expert, and which are much to be pre- ferred to the wooden roofs of the old Basilicas. Colonades and round arches separate the nave from the aisles in each of the four compartments, and sup- port galleries above. The capitals of the pillars imitate the Corinthian, and are free from the imagery which at that time abounded in other churches of Italy." Gaily Kuight, Italy, vol. i. Plates 30 and 31. 978. Mayence cathedral was begun by Arclibishop Willigis, and in 1009 consecrated. De Lassaulx's Notes on the Churches of the Rhine, p. 151. [A small portion at the west end of the present building is supposed to be of this period.] 980. Winchester cathedral rebuilt by Athelwold. A curious poetical description of Athel wold's work is given by his disciple Wolstan. Our extracts are from MS. Reg. 15. c. vii, in the British Museum. Istius antiqui reparavit et atria templi Moenibus excelsis culminibusque novis ; Partibus hoc austri lirmans et partibus arcti Porticibus solidis arcubus et variis. Addidit et plures sacris altaribus aedes, Quas retinent dubium liminis introitum ; Quisqiiis ut ignotis baec deanibulat atria plautis, Nesciat unde meat quove pedem referat ; Omni parte fores quia conspiciuntur apertze, Nee patet ulla sibi semita certa viae. Hue illucque vagos stans circumducit ocellos, Attica daedalei tecta stupetque soli, Certior adveniat donee sibi ductor et ipsum Ducat ad extremi limina vestibuli. Hie secum mirans cruce se consignat, et unde Exeat attonito pectore scire nequit. Sic constructa micat, sic et variata coruscat, Machina quae banc matrem sustinet ecclesiinn. The eastern ' portico' was left imfinished at his death. Nam fundamen ovans a cardine jecit eoi, Porticus lit staret aediflcata Deo ; Erexitque novum jacto fundamine tenipluni, No tamen explerct raptus ab orbc fuit. 20 ROMANESQUE. The description of the crypts is curious. Insuper occultas studuistis et addere cryptas, Quas sic daedaleum struxerat ingenium, Quisquis ut ignotus veniens intraverit illas, Nesciat unde meat quove pedem referat. Sunt quibus occultae latitant quae hinc inde latebrae, Quarum tecta patent intus et antra latent. Introitus quarum stat clausus et exitus harum, Quas homo qui ignorat luce carere putat. Nocte sub obscura quae stare videntur et umbra, Sed tamen occulti lumina solis habent, Cujus in exortu, cum spicula prima resultant, Lucifer ingrediens spargit xibique jubar, Et penetrat cunctas lucis splendore cavernas, Donee in hesperium sol ruat oceanum. Machina stat quarum sacram subportat et aram, Sanctorumque pias ordine relliquias ; Multiplicique modo manet utile culraen earum, Exteriora gerens, interiora tegens. The crypts now existing under the east end of Winchester cathedral have been supposed to he the work of Athelwold. Monasticou. Of the tower, Wolstan says, — Insuper excelsum fecistis et addere templum. Quo sine nocte manet continuata dies. Turris ab axe micat qua sol oriendo coruscat, Et spargit lucis spicula prima suae. Quinque tenet patulis segmenta oculata fenestris, Par quadrasque plagas pandit ubique vias. Stant excelsa tolis rostrata cacumina turris, Fornicibus variis et sinuata micant, Quae sic ingenium docuit curvare peritum, Quod solet in pulchris addere pulchra locis. Stat super auratis virgae fabricatio bullis, Aureus et totum splendor adomat opus. Luna coronato quotiens radiaverit ortu, Alterum ab aede sacra surgit ad astra jubar. Si nocte inspiciat hanc praetereundo viator, Et terram Stellas credit habere suas. Additur ad specimen stat ei quod vcrtice gallus. Aureus ornatu, grandis et intuitu ; Despicit omne solum, cunctis supereminet arvis, Signiferi et boreae sidera pulchra videns. 981—984. Mosque of El Azhar, at Cairo, Egypt. The building was finished in 984, and ornamented with an inscription rccordiup; the date and the name of the founder. It has semicircular arches, recessed, and ornamented witli zigzags : under these are trefoiled heads to the tympanum, and the head of the doorway itself is a flattish segmental arch. Ci-f. Ar.i..t..-. v,ii,i. PI. 7 ,^,„iH. ROMANESQUE. 21 983. Worcester cathedral completed by bishop Oswald. Monast. [No portion of this building now remains.] 994. Great devastations of the Danes. London besieged. Sixteen counties overrun. Devonshire laid waste, the monaste- ries destroyed, and Exeter set on fire. 995. The body of St. Cuthbert brought to Durham, and bishop Aldhun commenced the White church {Alba ecclesia), which was finished three years after. Hist. Translat. S. Cuthberti, in Dr. Giles' edit, of Bede, toin. vi. p. 401. Reginald of Durham gives the following description of the White church : " Erant siquidem in Alba Ecclesia, in qui primitus requieverat, duae turres lapidea^, sicut qui videre nobis retidere, altius per aera prominantes, altera chorum continens, alia vero in fine ecclesiae occidentali subsistens ; quse, mirae magnitudinis, asrea pinnacula in supremo erecta gestaverant: qua? omnium tam stuporem quam admirandi quantitatem excesserunt." Reginald of Durham, p. 99. Three years afterwards the greater church was begun by bishop Aldhun. Eadmund his successor finished and con- secrated the western tower. Monast. [The present building is however of a subsequent age.] 996—1000. S. Maria de Plebe, Arezzo. " This church is perhaps the only remaining example of the ecclesiastical architecture of continental Italy in any part of the tenth century ; that century during which Italy was in the most unhappy condition, and her arts in the lowest state of depression." " The exterior of the apse is decorated with arcades, a sign that the Lombard style continued to be employed in the tenth century. By that time the semi- circular gallery had acquired larger dimensions and additional ornaments." Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 32. 997. The monastery of Tavistock burnt by the Danes. Sax. Chron., and Chron. Petriburg., p. 36. 1010. The Danes ravaged Cambridgeshire. Rog. de Hoved. Ann., p. 248. " Combusserunt quoque Grantebrige ; et inde recedentes per montana amoe- nissima loci dilectabilis, qui vocatur Balesham, quosquos invenerunt in eodem loco neci dederunt. . . . Quidam vero fama dignus extenta in gradus turris terapli, quod adhuc ibidem stat, ascendit, et tam loco quam probitate munitus ab orani solus exercitu se defendit." Henr. Hunt. Hist., lib. vi. p. 207. [The present church of Balsham is a very modern structure.] 22 ROMANESQUE. 1010. The cathedral of Bale commenced, which was con- secrated in 1019. Bulletin. Monum., vol. x. p. 258. 1011. Canterbury cathedral set on fire and greatly injured by the Danes. Sax. Chron., and Prof. Willis's Architectural History of Can- terbury Cathedral, pp. 8 and i). 1013. S. Miniato, Florence. " The plan is that of the Roman Basilica : it is a nohle church of large dimensions, and in the style of its architecture, dismissing the Lombard alto- gether, seeks to return to Roman proportions and Roman simplicity, offering a remarkable contrast to the buildings which were erected at the same time in other parts of Italy. The pillars are single shafts, not stunted, as in the Lom- bard churches, but of good proportions, with capitals free from imagery, and either antique or skilful imitations." Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 33. "In this church there is another architectural peculiarity. Large arches are thrown at intervals over the nave, connected with smaller arches, which are thrown over the aisles, at once assisting to support the roof, binding the whole fabric together, and giving it additional strength. Where these arches occur, the pillars are exchanged for compound piers, one shaft of which is carried up to meet the arch above." D'Agincourt, Plate 25, Nos. 20—28. 1013. " He (Richard, son of Richard I. duke of Normandy) completed the monastery at Fescamp, which his father had begun." (W. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 39.) Ordericus Vitalis says that duke William built the monasteries of Fescamp, Mont St. Michel, and St. Ouen at Rouen. Hist. Eccl., lib. iii. p. 9. 1014. Church of St. Jacques, Liege; the west front only. De Caumont, Hist, de I'Architecture, second edition, p. 90. Style — Romanesque, corresponding with our supposed Saxon. 1015. "Their (Siferth and Morcar^s) dependants were worsted and driven into the tower of St. Frideswide^s Church in Oxford, where, as they could not be dislodged, they were con- sumed by fire ; however, shortly after, the foul stain was wiped out by the king's penitence, and the sacred place repaired." (W, Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., pp. 39,40.) The Saxon Chronicle, which appears to be better authority, says that Siferth and Morcar were allured by Eadric the ealderman " into his cham- ber, and there within they were cruelly slain." [The tower here mentioned is supposed by Dr. Ingram to be the one now cxisluig, to which a spire has subsequently been added, but on examination \\m lower appears to be lute Norman work,] ROMANESQUE. 23 1017—1036. Cnut the Dane. 1020. Cnut went to Assington, Essex, "and caused to be built there a minster {or church) of stone and lime, for the souls of the men who there were slain, and gave it to one of his priests, whose name was Stigand." Sax. Chron. " Cnut repaired throughout England the monasteries which had been partly injured and partly destroyed by the military incursions of himself or of his father : he built churches in all the places where he had fought, and more particularly at Aschendlne, and appointed ministers to them, who, through the succeeding revolutions of ages, might pray to God for the souls of the persons there slain. At the consecration of this edifice (in the Latin text it is called Basilica), himself was present, and the English and Danish nobility made their offerings : it is now, according to report, an ordinary church under the care of a parish priest." WUliam of Malmesbary, Sharpe's transl., p. 228. 1020. Church of St. Agnan, in the Department of the Loir at Cher, Normandy. A very interesting church. De Caumont. Style — Corresponding with our supposed Saxon. 1022—1060. Mont St. Michel, Normandy. " The convent and church being now (1836) converted into a house of correction, are so subdivided and blocked up with partition walls, that every thing is seen to disadvantage. The arches on each side the nave of the church are walled up, but you can distinguish the pillars, and perceive that they were built in courses, and had capitals. This part of the church belongs to the eleventh century." Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 155. 1032. Cnut's charter to Glastonbury, dated from the wooden church there. " Scripta est hujus privilegii donatio et proraulgata in lignea basilica sub praesentia Cnutonis, anno ab incarnatione Dominica 1032." w. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 42. v. 1032. The church of St. Edmund (at Bury in Suffolk) dedi- cated. Florence, and Chron. Petriburg., p. 44. " Over the body of the most holy Edmund, whom the Danes of former times had killed, he built a church with princely magnificence, applied to it an abbot and monks, and conferred on it many large estates." W. Malmesb., de Gest. Eeg. Angl., p. 41. [It was standing in Malmesbury's time, and parts of the present church have been supposed to be of the above-mentioned period ; they are however of late Norman character. There do not appear to be now any remains of that age.] 24 ROMANESQUE. 1032. Chartres, France. " By the advice of the archbishop also, the king sending money to foreign churches, very much enriched Chartres, where at that time flourished bishop Fulbert, most renowned for sanctity and* learning, who, among other demon- strations of his industry, very magnificently completed the church of our Lady St. Mary, the foundations of which he had laid ; and which, moreover doing every thing he could for its honour, he rendered celebrated by many musical modulations. The man who has heard his chaunts, breathing only celestial vows, is best able to conceive the love he manifested in honour of the Virgin." William of Malmeshnry, Sharpe's transl., p. 235. 1032. S. Flaviano, Montefiascone, Papal States, Italy. " This church was erected in honour of San Flaviano, in 1032, as is proved by an inscription which still exists on the walls of the building. The portion of the existing fabric to which the inscription refers, is that part of it which is built in the round style ; that part of it, which was begun nineteen years after San Miniato, at no great distance from that building, yet which, instead of emulating its advance, retains the defects of a corrupted style. Instead of pillars of good proportions, with capitals resembling the antique, we have here stunted pillars and ponderous piers, with capitals amongst the ornaments of which grotesque images are still admitted, though much less abundantly than in the eighth century." Gaily Knight, Italy, vol. i. Plate 35 ; D'Agincourt, Plate 38. 1041 — 1066. Edward the Confessor. 1041. Leofric and his wife Godiva built many monasteries: as St. Mary's at Coventry ; Stow ; Wenlock ; Leominster ; and some others. W. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 44. v. 1041. The citizens of Worcester rose and slew two of Har- decnut's tax-gatherers ''in the soler of a tower of the monas- • ThcHC arms are attributed by the Henry VIII. they are frequently rcpre- heralds of a subsequent age to ICdward sented with four martlets only, as on the the ConfcKsor, and are of very frequent vaultof the choir of Winchester cathedral. occurrence on the bosses of vaults, and For this reason both are here given. on painted glass. About the time of II ROMANESQUE. 25 tery" — in cujusdam turris Wigornensis monasterii solario. The king sent an army to punish the inhabitants, who saved them- selves by flight. The soldiery then burnt the city. Florence. 1047. The church of St. Marie des Dames, at Saintes in France, finished and consecrated. Bulletin. Monum., vol. x. p. 485. 1049. The church of St. Hilaire-le- Grand, at Poitiers, dedi- cated. It was begun in the tenth century by Adela, wife of Ebles, count of Poitou, and completed by Agnes of Burgundy, wife of William III., duke of Aquitain. Bulletin. Monum., vol. ix. p. 394. 1049. The (cathedral) church of St. Remi at Rlieims, France, consecrated by Pope Leo IX. Ordericus Vital., Eccl. Hist., lib. v. p. 575 ; Will. Gemmeticen. Hist., lib. vii. p. 274 ; and Chron. Petriburg., p. 48. 1050. The abbey of St. Evroult in Normandy founded. Ordericus Vital., Eccl. Hist., lib. iii. p. 461. 1050. Aldborough church, in Holderness, Yorkshire. On a circular stone in this church is the following inscription : — Ulf let araeran cyrice for hanunn for Gun]>ara saula. i. e. " Ulf caused the church to be built for his own and Gunthar's souls." Ulf, it appears, lived in the reign of Edward the Confessor. The stone is built into the wall of the nave, over a massive pier, between two pointed arches. It seems proba- ble that it has been preserved from an earlier church, and built in here. 1052. The priory of Spalding, Lincolnshire, founded by Thoraldus, brother of Godiva, countess of Leicester. Chron. Petriburg., p. 49. 1055. The church of Hereford, which had been built by bishop Athelstan, burnt by the Welsh. Sax. Chron., and Chron. Petri- E 26 ROMANESQUE. burg., p. 51. It cannot, however, have been destroyed, as Athel- stan, who died in the year following, was buried in it. Florence. 1056. A church or chapel built at Deerhurst, in Gloucester- shire, by earl Odda. In the year 1675, a stone was dug up in an orchard near the present church, on the site of the chancel, which has long been destroyed, with an inscription commemorative of this event. It is now preserved among the Arundelian Marbles at Oxford, and the following is a fac-simile of the inscription : — ¥0 DD A DVX IVSSIItUl' ^ R6 GIAM /WIAMCONSTRA/ 1 iiATaV€DGID(5RIINH0N0^ iRG STRINITATSPKOANIMAdi iriANisvieLFRmeDeHOd ri:o©ASVPTA6ALDReDVSVER iePSQVI€AND€li)DCAVITIIIID BVSAPIXIIIIAMEANNOSREG^ viz., Odda dux jussit hanc regiam anlam constriii atque dedieari in honore sanctce Trinitaiis -pro anima germani sui Elfrici, que de hoc loco asumptay Ealdrediis vero episcopus qui eandem dedicavit iij. Idibus Aprilis, xiiii. autem anno S. regni Eadwardi regis Anglorum. From the forms of the letters, and also from the letter S indicating sancti, placed before regni, which would not have been said had king Edward the Confessor been alive, it is evident that this inscription is of a later date than the event it refers to ; but as all the circumstances therein mentioned are correct, its authority cannot be doubted. Odda, who was also named Agelwin, according to the Saxon Chronicle (ed. by Dr. Ingram, p. 232,), " was appointed earl over Devonshire, and over Somerset, and over Dorset, and over the Welsh," in 1051. The same authority (p. 247.) informs us that in 1056, " died Odda the earl, and his body lies at Pershore, and he was ordained a monk before his end ; a good man he was, and pure, and right noble. And he died on the 2nd of the Kalends of Sep- tember" (i. c. the 31st of August). Florence of Worcester, who gives a high character of Odda, says that he was a lover of churches, and adds that he died Ht Deerbuisf, and that ho received the monastic habit at the hands of bishop ROMANESQUE. 27 Eaklred a short time before his death'' ; so that it was pro])ahly on that occasion that the church was built. We learn also from the same writer that Alfric, Odda's brother, died at Deerhurst on the 22nd of December, 1053<=, so that this place was probably the residence of the family. The tower of the present church of Deerhurst is a very ancient building, and furnishes a remarkably interesting specimen of the supposed Saxon style. ^^ \ a M-: ^M: iSfe t ■■■ ■ \^v- ■ t 'HHll.'." Tower, Ueerhurit. Door%i:Ry in Tower, ])ecrtiur>t This tower is divided into two parts by a solid wall, and one part is covered in by a plain and rude cylindrical vault, the upper windows are insertions. Some other portions of the church are of early character, especially the chan- cel-arch. The chancel itself has been long destroyed. 1057. Earl Leofric died. He and his wife Godiva built from the foundations the monastery of Coventry. He also " enriched •* " 1056. Ecclesiarum amator, paupe- rum recreator, viduarum et pupillorum defensor, oppressorum subventor, virgi- nitatis custos, comes Agelwinus, id est Odda, ab vEldredo Wigornensi episcopo ante suum obitum monacbizatus, se- eundo Cal. Septembris apud Deorhyrste decessit : sed in monasterio Persorensi honorifice sepultus quiescit." Florent. Wigorn. *= " 1053. Alfricus, germanus Oddae comitis, apud Deorhirste, undecimo Cal, Januarii obiit; et in monasterio Perso- rensi est tnmulatus." Florent. Wigorn. Florence, and Chron. 0^ ROMANESQUE. the monastery of Evesham with buildings." Petriburg., p. 51. 1058. " Bishop Ealdred consecrated the minster at Gloucester, which himself had raised to the honour of God and of St. Peter. Sax. Chron., ed. Ingram ; and Florence. This cathedral was first built on its present site by abbot Wlstan at this period, and part of the ciypt is supposed by some antiquaries to be part of the original work ; but the monastery is recorded to have been destroyed by fire in 1088, and the first stone of a new church laid by Robert, bishop of Hereford, in the following year. 1059. " In this year, on the 16th of the Kalends of Novem- ber, the steeple of Burgh (Peterborough) was consecrated. Sax. Chron. [No part of the present building is of this age.] 1060. About this date was rebuilt the church of Kirkdale in Rydale, Yorkshire, as we learn from the following curious Saxon inscription still preserved over the south door, on a stone seven feet broad by nearly two in depth. This inscription is to be read thus : — Orm Gamal suna bohte sanctus Gregorius minster "Sonne hit wes sel to- brocan ^ to-fahin t he hit let macan newan from grunde XPE 1 sanctus Gre- gorius in Eadward dagum cining, in Tosti dagum eorl. Which may be translated, " Orm son of Gamal bought St. Gregory's church, when it was all ruined and fall. mi down, and he caused it to be made new ROMANESQUE. 29 from the ground to Christ and St. Gregory in Edward's days the king and in Tosti's days the earl." The inscription round the dial in the middle is, — "Sis is daeges sol-merca a3t ileum tidee. T HawartS me wrohte t Brand presbiterus. i. e. " This is the day's sun-marker [dial] at every hour. And Hayward made me and Brand the priest." Tosti was earl of Northumberland from 1055 to 1065. Orm was murdered by earl Tosti's order in 1064 <*. " As this inscription has been removed from its original place, it is now no evidence of itself as to what part of the church is Saxon ; but as the western door, now stopt, and the arch to the chancel, are both of them very rude, though in some degree resembling Nonnan, they may, on a careful examina- tion of them, be considered portions of the old building." Rkkman. 1060. The cathedral of Lucca rebuilt from the foundation by bishop Anselm Badagio, who was afterwards pope under the name of Alexander II., and consecrated by him in 1070. The following inscription is built into the wall on the north side of the principal entrance : — HUJUS • QVJE ' CELSI * RADIANT ' FASTIOIA ' TEMPLI SUNT • SUB • ALEXANDRO " PAPA ' CONSTRUCTA * SECUNDO AD • CURAM • CUJUS ' PROPRIOS ' ET * PRiESULIS * USUS IPSE • DOMOS • SEDES ' PRyESENTES ' STRUXIT * ET * JEDES IN • QUIBUS • IIOSPITIUM ' FACIENS " TERRENA * POTESTAS UT • SIT • IN • STERNUM ' STATUENS * ANATHEMATA ' SANXIT. MILLEQUE • SEX ' DENIS ' TEMPLUM * FUNDAMINE " FACTO LUSTRO • SUB • BIND ' SACRUM ' STAT ' FINE * PERACTO. It is believed that the architect was Buschetto Pisano, the same who built the cathedral of Pisa. ^ The present choir and presbytery, which are Gothic, were constructed in 1308, as appears from another inscription placed behind the central apse. Memoire per servire all' Istoria di Lucca, t. viii. pp. 9 and 10. 1060—1100. Church of St. Sernin, Toulouse. A large, fine, and very interesting church, described in the second volume of the ^'Memoires de la Societe Archeologique du Midi de la France," and by M. de Caumont in the first volume of the "Bulletin Monumentale," p. 72. Style — Early Norman. 1063. The cathedral of Bouen completed by archbishop Maurilius. •* " Et Gameliis filii Orm ac Ulfi filii comes Tostius occidere praecepit." Flo- Dolfini, quos anno prsecedenti Eboraci in rent. Wigorn. sub. an. 1065. camera sua sub pacis foedere per insidias 30 ROMANESQUE. " Maurilius Rotomagensis avchiepiscopus cum suffraganeis episcopis liaiic dedicationem (of the church of St. Mary near Jumieges) humiliter, et devote perpetravit, et paulo post, duodecimo episcopatus sui anno, in lectura decu- buit. Peracto autera quicquid religioso Dei vernulse competit, V. idus Au- gusti (August 9, 1067.) ad Deum, cui diu servierat, migravit. Corpus vero ejus in episcopali ecclesia (quam ipse ante V. annos, indictione 1^., sanetae Dei genitrici Marias dedicaverat) delatum est, et ante crucifixum (of the roodloft between the nave and chancel) honorifice tumulatum est. Epi- taphium autem ejus a Ricardo Herluini filio, ejusdem ecclesiae canonico, editum est, et super ipsum in cupri laminis ex auro sic scriptum est : Humani cives, lacrymam nolite negare, &c." — From this passage of the Historia Ecclesiastica (lib. iv.) of Ordericus Vitalis, who was born in 1075 and died about 1141, it is evident that sepulchral inscriptions engraved on copper gilt or brass plates, were used in France at this period. The church SanctcB Dei genitricis MaricB, where archbishop Maurilius was buried, and of which Richard son of Herluin was a canon in 1067, is the cathedral of Rouen. Other similar inscriptions placed on tombs subsequently, but before the 12th century, are recorded in the same work. See lib. iv. t. 2. p. 23.'J; lib. v. p. 311, &c. of M. le Prevost's edition. 1062—1066. Waltham abbey church, Essex, built by Harold. Jaciuntur festinato ecclesiae amplioris fundamenta, surgunt parietes, colum- nae sublimes distantes ab invicem, parietes arcuum aut testudinum hemicidiis mutuo foederantur, culraen impositum aeris ab introgressis plumbei objective laminis variam secludit intemperiem. Vita Haroldi, ap. Michel, Chron. Angl-Norm., %-ol. ji. p. 161. Venusto enim admodum opere ecclesiam a fuudamentis constructam, lami- nis aereis, auro undique superducto, capita columnarum et bases flexurasque arcuum ornare fecit mira distinctione. De invent, s. Cmcis Waitham, ib. p. 332. [It is very doubtful whether 4iny part of the present fabric is of this age : the massive pillars and arches have been frequently asserted to be so, but the cha- racteristic features belong rather to a subsequent style.] 1064—1118. Cathedral of Pisa, Tuscany, built by Buschetto. Artaud, Italic, p. 134. Flaxman's Lectures, p. 300. Style — Romanesque ; walls covered with arcades of round-headed arches. " The name of the architect of this noble structure was Busketus ; the plan is the long Latin cross: there are two aisles on each side of the nave ; tran- septs, and a cupola over the intersection of the nave and the transepts. In this church the principal of elevations has been successfully carried out, and in this instance the space between the arches and the roof is relieved by a gallery of no])le proportions ; above which again are windows. An architrave, carried along the whole flank of the nave, between the arches and the gallery, re- produces the long horizontal line of the ancients, and completes the classic character of the building. The pointed arches under the cupola were intro- duced after a fire which destroyed the original cupola, and damaged the whole church III 1. ">{»«.•' OHllyKnifiht, Italy, vol. i. Plate ."Jft; D'Apin.onrt, Plate 25, Nos. 32—34. XIXtqlSEPTBK S B/SEBII CFSK ^- 1^)60 GCCtA FVICDEDIC/im INbONOleSCG ROMANESQUE. 31 1065. On Childermas day (Dec. 28.) the new abbey church of Westminster was consecrated. Sax. Chron. " King Edward the Confessor commanded tlie church at Westminster to be dedicated on Innocents' Day. He was buried on the day of the Epiphany in the said church, which he first in England had erected after that kind of style, which now almost all attempt to rival at enormous expense." William of Malmsbury, Sharpe's transl., p. 93. [Some small portions of building of this age are supposed to remain among the outbuildings of the abbey.] Postling church, Kent, was perhaps built in this reign. The following inscription, in early characters, is cut on a stone under the north window in the chancel: "XIX Kal. Septembris (14th of August) Sancti Eusebii Confessoris, etc., haec ecclesia fuit dedicata in honore sanctse Dei matris Ma- rise." The date is, however, very doubtful. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE PRIOR TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST. Tower of the church at Barton on the Humber, Lincolnshire. See Rickman, 4tli edit. p. 303. Tower of St. Benet^s church, Cambridge. Window, vol. ii. PI. 147. Rickman, p. 305. Tower and chancel arch, Wickham church, Berkshire. Window, vol. ii. PI. 147. Rickman, p. 126. EarFs Barton church, Northamptonshire. Rickman, p. 304. Tower, vol. i. p. 321, and vol. iii. PI. 38. Columns, vol. iii. PI. 22. Doorway, vol. iii. PI. 30. Window, vol. ii. PI. 147. Brigstock church, Northamptonshire. Rickman, p. 212. Doorway, vol. ii. PI. 8. Arch, vol. ii. PI. 4. Barnack church, Northamptonshire. Rickman, p. 212. Arch, vol. ii. P]. 8. A D'lOlMTRSOime 32 ROMANESQUE. East end, Wittering church, Northamptonshire. Rickman, p. 304. Repton church, Derbyshire. Rickman, p. 234 and 148. Column, vol. iii. PI. 22. Some parts of this church are supposed to be Saxon. The crypt is in some parts more like Roman work than Norman. Tower of Sompting church, Sussex. Vol. i. p. 322 ; and vol. ii. PI. 138. Tower of Dunham Magna, Norfolk. Vol. i. p. 325. Tower of Caversfield church, Buckinghamshire. Vol. i. p. 32o Church of Corhampton, Hampshire. Vol. i. p. 325. For other examples of buildings supposed to be of this era, see vol. i. article Saxon. HEAD OF WILLIAM I. From his Great Seal. 1066 — 1087. William the Conqueror. After the Conquest, ^^ The Normans, as I have related, lived in large edifices with economy They revived by their arrival the observances of religion, which were every where grown lifeless in England. You might see churches rise in every village, and monasteries in the towns and cities, built in a style unknown before." William of Malmesbury, Sharpe's transl., p. 321. 1066—1077. St. Stephen's, or the Abbaye aux Hommes, at Caen. Founded by William the Conqueror in 1066, and dedicated in 1077. The upper part of the west front added about 1200. Style — Norman, plain, but very bold and good, masonry of squared stones, with wide joints ; capitals**sculj)tiirca. I WILLIAM I. 33 Some of the capitals and ornaments in this church con'espond very remark- ably with those in the chapel in the White Tower, London. For engravings see Cotman's Antiquities of Normandy, and Pugin and Le Keux's Architectural Antiquities of Normandy. 1066. The monastery and church of the Holy Trinity, or Abbaye aux Dames, at Caen, founded by queen Matilda. The church was consecrated the same year, but probably not finished for many years afterwards. See Gaily Knight's Architectural Tour in Normandy, p. 60. Style — Norman, with a good deal of ornament, and in a lighter style than St. Etienne. This church is more richly ornamented than was usual at the period of its foundation. Indeed much of the ornament clearly belongs to a subsequent age, which can only be accounted for by the slow progress of the work. The same peculiar capitals and ornaments occur here as before noticed. The crypt is remarkable for the extraordinary number of pillars that it con- tains, as if the builders were afraid to trust the vault, or had found it giving way. For engravings see Cotman's and Pugin's Normandy. 1067- The church of St. Mary at Jumieges, Normandy, con- secrated, king William the Conqueror being present. (Ordericus Vital., Eccl. Hist., lib. iv. p. 507.) It was chiefly built, at a vast expense, by Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, who was buried in it. W. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 46. Style — Early Norman, rude and massive; the caps are plain : they have been painted, but not sculptured. 1067. Canterbury cathedral and the church of St. John the Baptist, entirely destroyed by fire. Prof. Willis's Architect. Hist, of Canterbury Cathedral, p. 9. 1067. Battle abbey, on the site of the battle of Hastings, Sussex, founded by William the Conqueror. W. Malmesb. de Gest. Pontif. Angl., p. 147. The same author, in his other work, De Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 61. v., says: " He built one monastery in England, and another in Normandy ; that of Caen first (see year 1066, p. 32), which he dedicated to St. Stephen, and endowed with suitable estates, and most magnificent presents. There he appointed Lanfranc, afterguards archbishop of Canterbury, abbot The other monastery Avas built by him near Hastings, and is called of the Battle (de Bello), because there the principal church stands on the very spot where, as it is recorded, Harold was found in the thickest heaps of the slain." F 34 WILLIAM I. 1067—1069. The towers, the choir, and the crypt of St. Gereon's church, at Cologne, built by archbishop Anno. De Lassaulx's Notes, &c., pp. 210,211. " The corner leaves of the bases in the crypt consist of mere rough lumps, and are some- times absent altogether, and the capitals are of simple and somewhat rude form. As regards the church itself, it was begun in 1212, and finished, together with its spherical roof, in 1227." For other particulars, see Boisseree, Denk- raale der Baukunst am Nieder Rhein, plates ()1 to 63. 1068. The castles of Nottingham, York, and Lincoln, built by William the Conqueror. Bog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 258. 1069. The abbey of Selby in York- shire, founded by king William the Conqueror. Sim. Dunelm., p. 198. For the remains of it see Monasticon, vol. iii. p. 498. Impost and String in Crypt, St. Gereon, Cologne Base in the Crypt, St. Gereon, Cologne. 1070. The monastery and church of Burgh (Peterborough), plundered and set on fire by the outlaws. Sax. Chron., ed. by Dr. Ingram, pp. 274, 276. 1070. St. Peter's church at Weremouth, burnt by the Scots. Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 259. 1070 — 1078. The monastery and the cathedral of Canterbury, rebuilt by archbishop Lanfranc. Prof. Willis's Architect. Hist, of that Cathedral, p. 14. For particulars see chapter iv. of the same work ; and for an engraving ol the tower pulled down in 1834, which was the only portion remaining ol this period, see Britton's Canterbury Cathedral. Arcade, vol. iii. Plate 1, figs. 3 and i. WILLIAM I. 35 1070—1083. The church of St. Nicholas, at Caen. Style — Plain early Norman. Capital, vol. ii. PI. 28. For other engravings, see Pugin's Normandy. Circa 1070 — 1100. Hedingham castle, Essex. Supposed to have been built by Aubrey de Vere, to whom the manor of Hedingham was given by William I., soon after the Conquest. Style— Early Norman, massive and plain; arches square in section. For engravings, see Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 35. 1071. The church of S. Giovanni de Leprosi near Palermo, built by Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his brother count Roger. See, Del Duomo di Monreale e di altre Chiese Siculo-Normanne, ragionamenti del Duca di Serradifalco ; Palermo, 1838, in fol. p. 52. pi. xxviii. fig. 2. "The building is small, and much of what exists is reconstruction, but the external walls of the two sides and east end of the church are original, as well as its tiny cupola. The walls are well built, with si^uared stones in regular courses. The windows and doors in the lateral walls are pointed and plain, but have two sinkings. The stone cupola rests on four pointed arches." Gaily Knight's Normaiu in Sicily, p. 302. This church, of which the date is certain, offers the first known example of the pointed arch in ecclesiastical architecture in Europe. 1072. King William ordered a castle or fortress to be built at Durham. Rog. de Hoveden, p. 260. v. In the time of bishop Neville the bishops of Durham claimed a road from the castle through the churchyard and under the steeple of St. Mary. "That wee, for us our men and servants, have, and owe to have, and all our predeces- sors, (Sec. of time that no mynd is, have had, a way through a gate within the stepill of the church of St. Mary the Virgine, in the North Ballyve, on the West partie, &c. &c." The prior's right to close the passage allowed at this date, 1450. Surtees' Hist, of the City of Durham, p. 38. 1072. The church of St. Bavon at Ghent, consecrated. Chron. S. Bavonis. With the exception of the door, which j,>ined the cloister to the church, no vestige whatever remains of the building of this period. 1074. St. George's church at Cologne consecrated. De Las- saulx's Notes, &c. p. 217. "It was built by archbishop Anno, towards 1060. Formerly it was not vaulted. At the time of the vaulting the light pillars which support the walls 36 WILLIAM I. being considered too weak, other pillars were erected between some of the arcades, by means of which the present alternation of large and small arches originated." Not long before the above-mentioned date the baptismal chapel, belonging to the same church, was begun. Style— Early Norman: the vault without ribs, a good deal like the chapel in the White Tower. See Boisseree, plates xxi. to xxiv. 1076. Evreux cathedral, Normandy, consecrated. See Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 176, and the authorities there referred to. Arches of the nave, plain Norman. 1077. Decimo calendas Novembris, ecclesiae Becci (Nor- mandy) in honorem sanctse Marise, matris Domini, dedicata est ab archiepiscopo Cantuariae Lanfranco, quod opus pergrande ipse inchoavit, et post abbatem Harluinum primum lapidem posuit ; quod opus in quindecim annis peractum est. Chron. Beccense inter Lanfranci Op. ed. a J. A. Giles, vol. i. p. 200; and Matth. Paris, ed. Wats, p. 11. This church was rebuilt a century afterwards, and reconsecrated in 1178. Chron. Becc, p. 212. 1077—1116. The church of St. Alban's monastery, Hertford- shire, built principally by abbot Paul de Caen, who died in 1093, but completed by his successor, Richard de Albini, and dedi- cated in 1115. "Paulus Monachus Cadomensis, quarto Ka- lendas Julii, Ecclesiam beati Anglorum Protomartyris Al- BANi, regendam suscepit : qui cam in brevi, consilio Lanfranci Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi et auxilio, multipliciter ampliavit. Novam ecclesiam cum claustro, et omnibus regularibus officinis eleganter construxit, ordinem in ea monachorum jam pene collapsum reformavit, cosnobiumque in honorem beati martyris Albani constructum, libris divinis et ornamentis multipliciter adornavit.^' Matth. Paris, ed. Wats, p. 10. It was consecrated in 1116, king Henry I. being present. Annal. S. Edm. MS. Harl. 447; Henr. Huntindon. Hist., p. 217. v. ; and Sax. Chron. The central tower, transepts, and part of the nave are of this period. Style — Early Norman, wide jointed and rude work, with Koman bricks mixed irregularly with rubble stone work: balustre shafts used abundantly; a great deal of tile used in all the early parts of the building, especially for luming tlic arches, and for the newels of the stair-cases. WILLIAM I. 37 1077 — 1107. Rochester cathedral, rebuilt by bishop Gun- dulph, who also built the castle there. Godwin, p. 395. Part of tb€ nave is supposed to be his work, continued by bishop Emulf, and dedicated in 1130. Style — Early Norman. Base, vol. ii. PI. 13. Fireplace in the castle, vol. ii. PI. 54. 1079—1093. Crypt and tran- septs of Winchester cathedral, built by bishop Walkelyn. (Monas- ticon, vol. i. p. 195.) Part of these still remain. Style — Early Norman, wide jointed masonry. Arch in south transept, vol. iii. PI. 4. Crypt, Columns, vol. iii. PI. 22. Base, vol. iii. PI. 8. 1079—1115. Hereford cathe- dral, arches of the nave; com- menced by bishop Robert of Lor- rain (Lotharingus"), in 1079, and completed in 1115. Style — Early Noiman. 1080. The castle of Newcastle- upon-Tyne, built by order of Robert, the Conqueror's eldest son. Chron. Petriburg., p. 60, and Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 263. The Norman keep remains in nearly a perfect state, and is a fine example CapiUl and Ba.e. North Tran»ept, Winche.ter Cmhedral. of the period. See an engraving of it in the Archaeological Journal, vol. i. p. 97, and others in the Vetusta Monumenta. Mouldings of a Fireplace, vol. ii. pi. 76. 1080. Durham cathedral, set on fire in a tumult. " Leobin, the fomenter of the crime, was half burnt, as he would not quit the church till it was set on fire.'' — W. Malmesb., de Gest. Pontif. Angl., p. 158. * In the Monasticon, t. vi. p. 1210, he but his name was Herbert, and his bishop- is wrongly called Bishop Losing, and rick Thetford. See W. Malmesb. de Robert Lazing. There was at that time Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 72. v., and Chron. a bishop called Losinga (i. e. adulator), Petriburg., sub an. 1094. 38 WILLIAM I. 1080, vel circa. The cliurch of St. George de Bocherville, in Normandy, built by Radulph lord of Tancarville, chamberlain to William the Conqueror. Neustria Pia, p. 691, and Gaily Knight's Tour iu Normandy, p. 19. Style — Good Norman. The masonry is in part wide jointed, and in other parts not so. There is every appearance of the work having been continued for a long series of years. The west part and chapter-house are evidently of later date than other parts of the church. There is a stone gallery across the end of the transept, vaulted underneath, as at Winchester and Hexham. 1081. The church of S. Pietro la Bagnara at Palermo, com- pleted. Serradifalco, Del Duomo di Monreale e di altre Chiese Siculo- Nonnanne, pp. 41, 42, PI. xxvi., and Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 267. Of this period there remain the apse and the arches into the transepts, which are pointed ; on each side of the apse are two small marble pillars with capitals of the time, rudely imitating the Roman. 1081. Chapel in the White Tower, London, built by Gun- dulph, bishop of Rochester. Style — Early Norman. Vault, vol. i. p. 396. Masonry, vol. ii. PI. 73. For other engravings, see Vetusta Monumenta, vol ii. 1083. Maurice, chancellor of king William the Conqueror and bishop of London, began to rebuild his Cathedral (St. Paul) from the foundation. Dugdale's Hist, of St. Paul's Cathedral, p. 4. William of Malraesbury, speaking of it (de Gest. Pontif. Angl., p. 134. v.), says, that " tanta est decoris magnificentia, ut merito inter pra3clara numeretur ffidificia : tanta cryptaj laxitas, tanta superioris sedis capacitas, ut cuilibet populis multitudinis videatur posse sufficere. Quia igitur Mauritius erat mentis immo- dicus, laboriosi operis impensam transmisit ad posteros." It was completed only in the year 1240 by his successors. 1083 — 1106. Ely conventual church, commenced by abbot Simeon, brother to Walkelyn, bishop of Winchester, and dedi- cated in 1106; the nave and transepts are of this date. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 461. Style— Norman. Column, vol. iii. PI. 22. Doorway, vol. iii, PI. 30. 1084. The church and steeple of Thezac in Saintogne, France, completed. Bulletin. Monum., vol. x. p. 530. 1086. Lincoln cathedral. " Ad castra construenda Rex ante- WILLIAM I. 39 ccssores suos omnes superabat Rex Willielmus paulo ante Remigio Fiscamni monacho dederat Dorkecestrise prsesu- latum : sed episcopo valde displicuit, quod urbs ilia modica illi data esset, cum in eodem episcopatu civitas Lincolniae sede episcopali dignior videretur. Mercatis igitur in ipso montis vertice praediis, ecclesiam ibidem construxit Hoc autem authore, hoc tempore, et his de causis incepta est ecclesia moderna Lincolniensis/' Matth. Paris, p. 12. It was completed in 1092. "Remigius vero praesul cum ecclesiam Lincolni- ensem jam perfectam dedicatums esset, uno die ante hoc languore correptus ex- piravit." Hen. Huntindon. Hist., lib. vii. p. 213. v., and Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 265. v. The part remaining of this date consists of the three lofty Norman arches in the west front, of very plain character, in wliich are inserted the rich Norman doorways of bishop Alexander. See Vetusta Monnmenta, vol. iii. Style — Early Norman, very plain, with wide jointed masonry. 1087—1113. The church of St. Niccolo, at Bari in the king- dom of Naples. Ordericus Vitalis, Eccl. Hist., lib. vii. p. 653. " This building is on a large scale, but without transepts, repeating the plan of the Latin basilica. In style it imitates the Roman more faithfully than did the churches of the north of Italy, which were built at the same time. In front of the principal doors there are projecting porches; the cross of the porches are supported by pillars, of which the two foremost rest on the backs of animals." Gaily Knight's Italy, vol. i. PI. 39. 1087. The church of St. Mary at Mantes was burnt in August by king WiUiam, who, dying on the 6th of September following, left a sum of money to rebuild it. Ordericus Vitalis, Eccl. Hist., lib. vii. p. 656 ; and W. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 63. v. 40 ' WILLIAM II. HEAD OF WILLIAM EDFU8, From his (Jreat Seal. 1087—1100. William Eufus. 1089. Crypt of Worcester cathedral, built by Bp. Wolstan. Style — Early Norman, arch ribs square in section ; no groin rib. 1089 — 1100. Gloucester cathedral, the crypt, the arches of the nave and part of the transepts. The first stone was laid in 1089, and it was dedicated in 1100. Abbot Serlo, the architect, died in 1104. Style — Early Norman, plain and massive. Kibs, vol. ii. PI. 121. 1091. The monastery of Croyland, burnt. Chron. Petriburg., p. 64. 1091. *'0n the ides of October, at Winchelcumbe, a stroke of lightning beat against the side of the tower with such force, that, shattering the wall where it joined to the roof, it opened a place wide enough to admit a man/' W. Malmesb. de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 70. v., and Hog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 263. 1092. Salisbury cathedral, newly built within the castle by bishop Osmimd, consecrated. Osmundus Saresbiriensis episcopus ecclesiam quam SarisbirisD in castello construxcrat, cum adjutorio episcoporum Wacellini Wintoniensis, et Johannis Batlioniensis, nonas Aprilis, feria secunda, dedicavit. Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 263. v. Five days only after bishop Osmund had consecrated it, a thunder storm entirely destroyed the roof of the church tower, and much injured the walls. W. Malmesb. de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 70. v. 1092. King William Rufus built a castle at Carlisle. Sax. Chron., Hen. Huntindon. Hist, lib. vii. p. 213. v., and Rog. de Hoveden Annul., p. 2H5. v. WILLIAM II. 41 1093 — 1104. Durham catliedral, clioir and transept. The three first stones were laid by bishop William Carileph, Malcolm king of the Scots, and prior Turgot, 3 Kal. Aug. 1093, and the work was so far completed as to receive the body of St. Cnth- bert in 1104. Rog. de Hovcden Ainuil., p. 265. Style — Early Norman. Compartment, vol. iii. PI. 18. 1093—1100. The priory of Christ Church, Hampshire, built by bishop Flambard. Bdtton's Aidiitectuval Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 80. The nave and transepts of the present church are supposed to be of this date. Style — Early Norman. 1093 — 1156. The abbey church of Laach near the Rhine, " Built in the purest round-arch style, without hutlresses, and without the slightest trace of a pointed arch, possesses, like the great cathedrals at ISIentz, Worms, and Spires, two choirs and two transepts, the latter bearing each a large tower, and two others, one on eacli side. Everything is most richly adorned with the best ornaments, and every part of the work is executed in the best and most beautiful manner. It deserves to take the lead of all the trea- sures of our land of Treves, and is of the highest value to connoisseurs and amateurs of art." Do LassaalxV Notes on the Churches of the Khiiie, p. 196. Sec Boisseree, Plates 25, 20. 1093 or 1094. The church of Lindisfarne built. According to Reginald of Durham, Edward, a monk of Durham, was tlu^ architect or superintendent of the work. " Unde et novam ecclesiam in beati Cuthberti honorcm infra praedictam in- sulam a fuudamentis erexit, quam de lapidi])us tabulatis, miro dispositionis ordine, de industrias sure laboribus et de fidelis populi largitionibus venusto artificum opere consummavit. Sed quia in pra'scripta insula minus lapidum poterat invcniri sufficientia, de vicinis villulis plaustra et bourn juga cum carris adquiserat, et tantis longioris interstitii dispendiis, et diversi laboris impendiis, lapidum multitudinem devehendo aggregaverat." Reginald. Dunelm., cap. 2i. p, 4.'>. The masonry of the present remains at Lindisfarne answers perfectly to Reginald's description. The church and its oftices are chiefly built of red sandstone from the opposite coast. The whin-stone of the island is used in the manner indicated by Reginald. " Unde ad tanti operis negotia non suffecerant, sed tamen ad interioris materia? diminutiora fragmenta aliquod adjumentum impendere praevalebant." 1096 — 1119. Norwich cathedral: choir, aisles, transept and tower. Herbert, surnamed Losinga (i. e. the flatterer), bishop of Thetford, having translated hither his see, commenced this cathedral on its present site, by command of the pope, as a 42 WlllJAM II. penance for his simony. Annal. S. Edmundi, MS. Harl. 447; Godwin, p. 428 ; Tanner, Notitia, p. 238 ; and Camden, col. 462. The greater part of the existing structure is his work, though much altered in appearance hy the subsequent insertion of windows. Style — The original parts are of Early Norman character, with wide-jointed masonry. Arcades, vol. iii. PI. 1. fig. 5. Doorway, vol. iii. PI. 30. fig. 3. 1096 — 1110. The eastern part of Canterbury cathedral re- built more magnificently than it was before, by prior Ernulf. "Cantiae dejectam priorem partem ecclesiae, quara Lanfrancus aedificaverat, adeo splendida erexit, ut nihil tale possit in Anglia videri, in vitrearum fene- stranim luce, in marmorei pavimenti nitore, in diversicoloribus picturis, quae mirantes oculos trahunt ad fastigia lacunaris." w. Maimesb. de Gest. Pontif. Angl., p. 133. The chancel, however, which Ernulf left unfinished, was superbly completed hy his successor Conrad, who decorated it with excellent paintings, and furnished it with precious ornaments. Angl. Sac, t. i. p. 137. A full account of these buildings, with plans and other illustrations, is to be found in Prof. Willis's Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, before quoted. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 4. MiMiiiiii ^ , Airaac.Cttiitel bury Cathedral, AD. UIO. Capital, vol. iii. PI. 15. fig. I WILLIAM II. 43 1097. Westminster Hall built. Chron. Petriburg., p. 67. The walls of the present building are of that period, and an arcade was un- covered when the roof was repaired. See Archaeologia, vol. xxvii. pp. 135 — 139. Arch, vol. ii. PI. 9. 1097. The church of Montierneuf at Poitiers, France, dedi- cated by pope Urban II. Bulletin Monumental, vol. ix. p. 391. Style — Romanesque, with some additions of the thirteenth century. 1098. vel circa, St. Mary's church, now the cathedral of Messina, Sicily, built by count Roger, and finished by king Roger his son. Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 116, and Illus- trations, PI. vii. 1099—1108. The cathedral of Modena. " The name of the architect of this building was Lanfrancus, as is proved by an inscription still extant on one of the external walls. The style of the architecture is Lombard throughout. External arches ornament both the west end and the great semi-circular apse. In the interior, monsters and grotesque images are still retained in the capitals of some of the pillars. But a feature which is not found in the old Lombard churches, may be remarked here in the large projecting porch, two stories in height, which advances before the prin- cipal entrance, and in the lions on the backs of which the pillars of the porch repose." Gaily Knight's Italy, vol. i. PI. 40. The inscription says: Ingeuio clarus, Lanfrancus doctus, et aptus, Est operis princeps hujus, rectorque magister. 1099. Jerusalem besieged by the crusaders. " Raimund was actively employed before the tower of David. This fortress, defending the city on the west, and strengthened nearly half way up by courses of squared stone soldered with lead, repels every fear of invaders, when guarded by a small party within." W. Malmesb. de Gest. Reg. Augl., p. 79. v. 1100. The chapel of Godfrey of Bouillon in the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem built. The style is plain early Norman with a groined vault. D'Agincourt, PI. xxvii. Nos. 23, 24. 1100. "A few countrymen conveyed the body [of William Rufus], placed on a cart, to the cathedral of Winchester, the blood dripping from it all the way. Here it was committed to the ground within the tower, attended by many of the nobility, though lamented by few. Next year the tower fell ; though I forbear to mention the different opinions on this subject, least 44 HENRY I I should seem to assent too readily to unsupported trifles ; more especially as the building might have fallen through imper- fect constmction, even though he had never been buried there/' W. Malmcsb., do Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 71. HEAR OF HENRY I. from bU Great SmI. Heads from Rochester Cathedral, supposed to be iuteuded for Henry I. aud his Queen. 1100—1135. Henry I. Than church, near Caen, Normandy, supposed to be of the early part of the reign of Henry I. Style — Norman, with a good deal of ornament ; the character is clearly later than L'Abbaye aux Dames. The peculiar plain block of stone in the centre of the face of the capital which occurs there, and in other examples of the same date, is here carved into a head. For engravings, see Pugin's Normandy. Crosses on gables, vol. iii. PI. 27. Spire, vol. i. p. 344. 1102. Tewkesbury abbey church, Gloucestershire, built by Robert Fitz Haimon, who was buried in the chapter-house in 1107. The church was consecrated in 1121. Mouasticon, vol. ii. p. 53. " The king munificently repaired the damage of that church (Bayeux, in Normandy), and it is not easy to relate how much Robert ennobled by his favour the monastery of Tewkesbury." W. Malmesb., de Gest. Reg. Angl., p. 89. The west end and arches of the nave are in the Norman style of this period. The pinnacles appear to have been added afterwards. Turret, vol. ii. PI. 141. 1103—1116. St. Botolph's priory church, at Colchester, Essex, founded by Ernulph, a monk, afterwards abbot of Peter- borough, in 1103, and supposed to have been completed about 1116, when a papal bull invested the priory with peculiar privi- leges. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 104. It i» built of brick aud rubble, supposed to be partly taken from the ruins of tome llomun building. The imposts of the arches are formed of brick, and HENRY I. 45 the Jiiuhcs are tunicil entirely of tiles. This is also the case in almost every church of the town and neighbourhood of Colchester. Style — Early Norman, with intersecting arcades. Arcades, vol. ii. PI. 4. — vol. iii. PI. 3. fig. 1. For other engravings, see Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. i. p. 2. 1104 — 1128. Durham cathedral, nave and aisles. Bishop Flambard continued the work of his predecessor in the same style. '' He raised the walles of the body of his church unto the roofe : he translated the reliques of Saint Cuthbert into the new church, and bestowed a shryne upon him. Moreover he compassed the citie with a wall." Godwin, p. 511. Some curious descriptive particulars relating to Durham cathedral, as it stood in the middle of the twelfth century, are given by Reginald of Durham, chap. Ixxxix. p. 190. Style — Early Norman, very massive. 1107. Fall of the tower of Winchester cathedral. Annal. Winton. The tower and part of the transepts were rebuilt soon after the fall ; and in the new work line-jointed masonry is used: the older work is wide-jointed. Masonry, vol. ii. PI. 73. 1107. "Arnulfus prior Cantuarise factus est abbas Burgi. Hie dormitorium, capitulum, refectorium et necessarium fecit con- strucre, ac viginti libras dedit conventui, ad capas et alia orua- menta emenda." Chron. Petriburg. 1110. The new monastery of Chertsey in Surrey begun. Sax. Chron. 1110 — 1139. Sherborne castle, Dorsetshire, built by Roger bishop of Salisbury. Godwin's Catalogue of Bishops, 4to. p. 273. It is at present a ruin, but possesses many of the original Norman features, particularly some good chimneys and fire-places. Style— Norman. Vault, vol. ii. PI. 143. 1111. "Novum monasterium, quod infra murum Wintonise construct um erat, agente Willielmo Wintoniensi episcopo, rex extra murum construi jussit." Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 271. 1112. Exeter cathedral enlarged by bishop William Warelwast. Godwin, p. 317. The towers are supposed to be of this date. Style — Norman. 1113. St. Neot's church, Neotsbury, Huntingdonshire, re- founded. Chron. Beccensc, p. 20o, and Monasticon, vol. iii. p. 162. 4C HENRY 1. 1113. Worcester cathedral burnt. " Vigornia, cum ecclesia cathedral! et castello, multi etiam de monachis et civibus com- bustis, per ignis incuriam conflagravit." Chron. Petriburg. 1113. The monastery and church of Hexham, Northumber- land, restored by Thomas, the younger, archbishop of York, and given by king Henry I. to the Austin canons. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 179. This monastic establishment was founded in 674 by St. Wilfrid. In the ninth century the Danes ravaged and burned it twice. Under Edward the Confessor, Alverd, or Elfred, called Larva, i. e. doctor, secretary to Durham cathedral, repaired part of the monastery ; and subsequently his son restored the church. The walls of it were standing, but " sine tegmine," and covered with dirt, and overgrown with wood. He therefore "succisa quae supercreverat sylva, purgatis ab omni sorde parietibus, totam ecclesiam tegulis texit; et litis intus et extra parietibus, antiqua cam pictura et venustate decoravit. Strato autem in parte orientali ex quadris lapidibus pavimento, altare sub- UeXUm Columnis loco COngrUO COllocavit." Mirac. S. Wilefmli, Act. SS. Benedict., naec. iii. pars i. pp. 214» — 215*. Simeon of Durham, who lived towards the end of the eleventh century, gives (sub an. 788) the following description of the monastery of Hexham, which he appears to have considered as existing in his days nearly as Wilfrid had left it. " Praecellit opus ipsius coenobii caetera ajdificia in gente Auglorum, licet multa sint, et inedicibilia in plerisque locis ; sed in eo loco longitudines lati- tudinesque, atque pulchritudines excellunt. In quo coenobio sunt parietes variis coloribus exornati, et historiae depictae, sicut supradictus Wilfridus epi- scopus instituit." The present crypt of the church is supposed to be of Wilfrid's time. See Archaeological Journal, vol. ii. The nave is destroyed ; the chancel and tran- septs which foi-m the present church are of the thirteenth century. 1114. The foundation of the church of Croyland laid. Chron. Petriburg. 1114. The town, with the cathedral and the adjoining monas- tery, of Chichester, "III. nonas Maii, feria tertia," burnt, llog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 271 ; and Chron. Petriburg. 11 15 — 11 39. Salisbury cathedral rebuilt, and part of Malmes- bury abbey built, by bishop Roger. " He (bishop Roger) was a prelate of great mind, and spared no expense towards completing his designs, especially in buildings ; which may be seen in other places, but more particularly at Salisbury and at Malmesbury ; for there he erected extensive edifices at vast cost, and with surpassing beauty, the courses of stone being so correctly laid that the joint deceives the eye, and leads it t., i,nn,il,n- that the whole wall is composed of a single block. He built anew HENRY I. 47 the church of Salisl)ury, and beautified it in such a manner that it yields to none in England, but surpasses many ; so that he had just cause to say, ' Lord, I have loved the glory of Thy house.'" William of Malraesbury,Sharpe'8transl.,p. 504. This passage of William of Malmesbury is worthy of particular notice, as it seems that this mode of building with fine-jointed masonry, struck him as remarkable, from which we may infer that it was not then in general use ; and in confirmation of this it may be observed, that the work of a previous date has generally wide joints between the stones, as in the older parts of Win- chester and Canterbury. 1117. Peterborough cathedral having been burnt in the pre- ceding year, a new one was begun from the foundation by John de Seez, who formed the whole plan of it; and in 1143 it was consecrated. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. i. p. 351. Style — Good Norman. Tracery of vault of south aisle, vol. iii. PI. 35. fig. 3. Mouldings of arch, vol. ii. PI. 76. 1117. Cirencester abbey, Gloucestershire, founded by king Henry I. Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 271. v. 1118. Morfield, or Momerfield church, in Shropshire, dedi- cated by GeflPrey bishop of Hereford. Rog. de Hoveden Annal. p. 272. 1121. " Apud Radingum (Reading, Berkshire) monachi ordi- nem inceperunt observare Monasticum, et ecclesia constructa est.'^ — Matt. Paris, p. 09. It was founded by king Henry I. See Monasticon, vol. iv. p. 28. Part of the massive walls of this church are standing, and the foundations may be traced : they are built of flints, but so solid as to resist the effects alike of time and violence, and are of Norman character. 1121. Norham castle, in Northumberland, begun by Ranulph, bishop of Durham. Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 273. v. 1121. The monastery of Ardenne, near Caen, in Normandy, founded. The church was consecrated in 1138 by Richard bishop of Bayeux. Neustria Pia, p. 702. 1121. Kirkham priory, in Yorkshire, founded by Sir Walter Espec and Adeline his wife, for Austin canons. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 207. The principal remains consist of a beautiful gateway, a fine Norman door- way, and part of the cloisters. Doorway, vol. ii. PI. 47. 1121—1130. St. James's tower at Bury St. Edmund's, built •48 HENRY I. by Radulplms and Heraeus, the sacrists, at the same time that abbot Anselra built St. James's church : others suppose it to be part of the work of abbot Baldwin, who rebuilt the abbey church, wliich was consecrated in 1095. It is a gateway tower of the abbey, but called St. James's tower. See Biitton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 84. Style — Noi-raan, early, the billet the prevailing ornament; most of the capitals are of the plain cushion shape, but some are sculptured. Gateway tower, vol. iii. PI. 38. fig. 7. Capital, vol. iii. PI. 15. fig. 9. 1122. The Benedictine monastery of St. Peter at Gloucester, burnt for the third time. Chron. Petriburg., and Sax. Chron. 1122 — 1145. Norwich cathedral; the nave with its aisles, said by Blomefield to have been built by bishop Everard in con- tinuation of the plan of his predecessor, and it is in the same style. See ante, year 1096, p. 41. Style — Norman, very plain. There is scarcely a perceptible difference between this work and that of the choir, the only variations are a slight channel on the face of the plain capitals, and that more of them are sculptured. Arches, vol. iii. Plates 4 (fig. 2), and 5 (fig. 11). 1 124. Castor church, Northamptonshire. Over the south door of the chancel there is a niche with a trefoil head, the upper part of which is cut out of one large stone, bearing the following rude inscription. All the letters are raised on the face of the stone, except those signifying XXIIII, which are cut into it. ]|||||ll||(()!lUlllhlIl The tower of this churcli is licli Norman work, with the square billet, HENRY I. 49 the hatchet, and scolloped ornaments. Other parts of the church are of the same period, and there is another inscription cut in wood on the south door of the nave, which is also of very early character : but the chancel has been in a great degree rebuilt in the thirteenth century, preserving, however, the Norman sedilia, and other parts of the Norman work, among which is the inscription above given, and probably the whole niche, for although the trefoil head is not usual in Norman work, it is occasionally met with ; and this niche appears ruder than the Early English doorway over which it is placed. The edges are square and not moulded. Base, vol. iii. PI. 8. lig. 8. Corbel tables, vol. iii. PI. 23. figs. 1, 2, and 4. 1127 — 1134. Cormac's chapel, on the rock of Cashel, Ireland, built. It was consecrated in 1134. Petrie's Ecclesiastical Architec- ture of Ireland, vol. i. p. 285. 1127. The abbey of Furness, in Lancashire, founded by- Stephen count of Boulogne and Mortain, and afterwards king of England. Beck's History and Antiquities of the Abbey of Furness, pp. Ill, 112. 1128. The abbey of Waverley, in Surrey, founded. Chron. Petriburg. For particulars see Monasticon, vol. v. p. 237. 1129. St. Peter's chapel, in the royal palace of Palermo, built by Roger count of Sicily; and consecrated April 28, 1140. Serradifalco, II Duomo di Monreale, &c., p. 24. Plates 15 — 17. " This chapel is in the most complete preservation ; a perfect gem of its kind, and a most singular and interesting specimen of that mixture of style, which is only to be found, and could only be found, in Sicily. It is built in the long Latin form, not on the square Greek plan ; but it has a Greek cupola at the intersection of the cross. The pillars of the nave have capitals orna- mented with foliage, without any admixture of figures. The arches are all pointed." Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 240, See also Gaily Knight's Saracenic and Norman Remains in Sicily, PI. 18. 1130. Canterbury cathedral, founded and finished by arch- bishop Lanfranc, but enlarged by Anselm, was dedicated by archbishop William on the 4th of May. At this dedication were present Henry I. king of England, David king of Scotland, and all the bishops of England. Gervas. Act. Pontif. Cantuar., col. 1664 ; Annal. S. Edm. MS. Harl., 447; Sax. Chron. ; Chron. Petriburg. ; and Matth. Paris, Hist., p. 60. See also Prof. Willis's Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral. Style of this part, pure Norman. Arcades, vol. iii. PI. 1. figs. 9 and 10. H 50 ' HENRY I. 1130. The cathedral church of St. Andrew at Rochester, in Kent, consecrated by William archbishop of Canterbury, in the presence of the king. Sax. Cliron., and Gervas. Act. Pontif. Cantuar., p. 1(>64. Style — Norman, veiy massive. Pillars, vol. ii. PI. 106. 1131. The cathedral of Cefalu, in Sicily, built by Roger, the first Norman king of Sicily. Sevradifalco, II Duomo di Monreale, &c., p. 29, Plates 18—22. " It consists of a nave, side aisles, and transepts, and has three apses at the east end, but no central tower. The choir and transepts are vaulted and groined. The nave has a wooden roof. In the nave and transepts there is a triforium, but no clerestory. All the arches are pointed. In the capitals of the pillars at the intersection of the nave and transepts, rude figures are mixed with foliage in the Norman style." Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 218. See also Gaily Knight's Saracenic and Norman Remains in Sicily, Plates 11—15. 1131. The priory of St. Martin, at Dover, founded by William of Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury. Gervas. Chron., col. 1341 ; and Monasticon, vol. iv. p. 528. The refectory is nearly perfect except the roof, which is modern: it is now used as a barn. The style is good Norman. The remains of the church are of Transition character, with pointed arches. 1131 — 1213. Dunstable priory church, Bedfordshire, founded by Henry I., and dedicated by Hugh bishop of Lincoln, in 1213. The work seems to have been carried on for a great part of this long period. Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. i. p. 8. Style — Part Norman, rich and late ; part Early English and Transition. 1132. Rivaulx, or Rievall's abbey, in Yorkshire, founded. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 274. Some portions of the existing remains are Norman. 1132. Fountains abbey, near Ripon, in Yorkshire, founded. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 286. A considerable part of the domestic buildings of the abbey are good Norman : the church is later. ■ 1133. St. Bartholomew's church, Smithfield, London, founded by Rahere at this date. Stow's Survey of London. Style— Norman ; pointed arches occur, but in a situation where necessity, or manifest convenience, appears to have dictated them. They are the north and south arches of the original central tower, the east and west arches being much wider and of a segmental form : but as the clerestory is Early English, HENRY I. 51 both in the choir which forms the present church, and in that portion of the nave which remains, it seems probable that these pointed arches were altered at the time the clerestory was rebuilt: this opinion is strengthened by the character of the ornaments in the spandrels, which are quite Early English. 1133. Porchester church, Hampshire. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 243. A priory of canons of the order of St. Augustine was founded by king Henry I. within the walls of Porchester castle. It was removed about twenty years afterwards to Southwick, but the church which they had built in the castle still remains. Style — Norman. The west front is particularly fine, and in good preser- vation. The font is of the same period, ornamented with intersecting arcades. 1133. Garendon, or Gerondon abbey, in Leicestershire, founded. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 328. 1134. Swineshed abbey, in Lincolnshire, founded by Robert de Gresley. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 245. See also Beck's History and Antiquities of the Abbey of Furness, p. 129. 1134. Monastery of the Holy Rood at Vienna, in Austria, founded. Style — Romanesque. For engravings see Heideloff's Architectural Orna- ments, IV. I. 1135. The cathedral of Ferrara, in Italy, erected, as appears from the following inscription placed on the front of it. ANNO • MILLENO * CENTENO * TER ' QVOQVE * DENO QVINQVE • SVPERLATI8 * STRVITVR * DOMVS * HEC ' PIETATIS. ARTiriCEM • GNARVM * QVI * SCVLP8ERIT ' HEC * NICOLAVM HVC • CONCVRRENTES * LAVDENT ' PER * SECVLA ' GENTE8. See Calogiera, Opuscoli, torn. vi. p. 493. 1135. The abbey of Buildewas, in Shropshire, founded by Roger bishop of Chester. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 355. Style — Rich Norman. Brackets, vol. iii. PI. 12. 1135. Kloster Heilbronn, Germany, founded. Style — Romanesque. For engravings, see Heideloff's Architectural Orna- ments, I. 4, and VII. 3, 4. 1135. The Cistercian abbey of Stratford Langthorne, Essex, founded by William de Montfichet. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 586. This foundation, under the same year, is recorded also in the Chronicon Petriburgense, but instead of Stratford, the editions read erroneously Stanford. 1135, vel circa. The cathedral of Tuam in Ireland, of which, however, the chancel only now remains. Petrie's Ecclesiastical Architecture in Ireland, vol. i. p. 311. 52 STEPHEN. 1 135 1 148. Castle Acre priory church, Norfolk. Britton's Archi- tectural Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 10. Style Rich Norman. Arcades, vol. iii. Plates 1 and 3. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OF HENRY I. Capital, Steetley chapel, Derbyshire, vol. i. p. 83. Doorway and Pillar, St. Margaret's at Cliff, Kent, vol. ii. Plates 44 and 106. Doorway, Essendine church, Rutlandshire, vol. iii. PI. 30. Tower, Little Saxhara church, Suffolk, vol. iii. PI. 38, fig. 6. HEAD OF STEPHEN. From bis Great Seal. 1135 — 1154. Stephen. 1136. Ford abbey in Devonshire, founded by Richard de Brioniis. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 376. In the Chron. Petriburg. this founda- tion is mentioned under the previous year. 1136. The monastery of Melros in Scotland restored, and given to the Cistercian monks by David king of the Scots. Chron. Petriburg., and Camden's Britannia, vol. iii. p. 295. 1136. St. Cross church, near Winchester, founded by Henry de Blois, bishop of Winchester, brother to king Stephen. Milner's History of Winchester. Leland and Tanner say that it was founded in 1132. See Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 721. Style — Rich Norman; part is of later date. Column, vol. iii. PI. 22. Triforium, vol. ii. PI. 140. 1136. The Cistercian abbey of Wardon, Bedfordshire, founded by Walter de Espec. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 369. STEPHEN. 53 1137. The Cistercian abbeys of Thame in Oxfordshire, and of Coggeshall in Essex, founded. Chron. Petriburg. According to the Monasticon (vol. v. p. 451.) the abbey of Coggeshall was founded by king Stephen and Matilda his queen. 1137-^-1149. Roger prior of Durham sent to Italy for a specimen of Italian marble to pave the cathedral in the manner of the churches there. The piece of marble was brought, and served afterwards for the monks to grind colours on. Keginald. Dunelm., cap. Ixxv. 1139. The Cistercian abbeys of Kirksted and Louth Park in Lincolnshire, and of Kingswood in Wiltshire, founded. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. pp. 413, 416, and 424. 1139. The abbey of Austin canons at Thornton upon the Humber, founded by William le Gros, earl of Albemarle. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 324. 1139. The priory of Sempringham, in Lincolnshire, founded by Sir Gilbert de Sempringham. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. vi. p 947. 1139 — 1143. The Mar tor ana church at Palermo, built by George Antiochenus, high admiral to Roger king of Sicily, as proved by a Greek inscription still existing in it. Serradifalco, II Duomo di Monreale, etc. p. 34, Plates xxiii. and xxiv. ; and Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 259; and Illustrations, PI. 15. 1140. The Cistercian abbey of Pipwell, in Northamptonshire, founded by William Batevileyn. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, Tol. V. p. 431. 1140—1144. The abbey of St. Denis, near Paris, repaired, and a great part rebuilt by abbot Suger. Gallia Christ., torn. vii. coll. 336, 372, 373. Style — Transition from Norman. For an engraving of its fine Norman doorway of this date, see the " Moyen Age Monumentale." 1140—1150. The bridge, called "il Ponte delPAmmiraglio", near Palermo, built by George Antiochenus, who erected the Martorana church. Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 301, and Illustrations, PI. 18. " It is well built with large squared stones, and consists of five plain pointed arches, with one sinking. The centre arch is much the largest." 54 STEPHEN. 1141. Lincoln cathedral burnt "in festo Sancti Albani.' Chron. Petriburg. 1141. vel circa. Shobdon church, near Leominster, Here fordshire, built. For particulars, see Archaeological Journal, vol. i. pp. 233 — 237. ^nj^ Pillar, Shobdon Charch, Herefordshire. 1142. Winchester castle built by king Stephen. Hen. Huntindon. I Hist, p. 225, and Kog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 279. v. 1142. Revesby abbey, in Lincolnshire, founded by William de Romare, earl of Lincoln. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. V. p. 453. 1143. The Premonstratensian abbey of Newhouse, or New- some, in Lincolnshire, founded by Peter de Gausla. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 865. 1143. Byland abbey, in Yorkshire, founded by Roger de Mowbray. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 343. Some parts of the church still remain, but are of a later date. These re- mains are the west front and the end of the south transept. Not a pillar of the nave is standing ; some parts of the lateral aisles only may be seen. The door is richly ornamented, and the windows, lancet-shaped, are of an elegant form ; above which has been a circular one, half of which still remains. STEPHEN. 55 gm^>'' The opposite iii- seription is cut in a stone on the wall at the end of the re- maining transept ; but as it is evidently not older than the fifteenth century, and we know no- thing of the changes which the church bad undergone, we give it merely as a curiosity. 1143 — 1168. The cathedral of Sens, in France, built. Quantin, Notice Historique sur la construction de la Cathedrale de Sens, p. 3, and Bourassee, Cathedrales de France, p. 297. It has so many peculiarities in common with that part of Canterbury cathe- dral which was built by William of Sens, that it is supposed to have been erected by the same architect. 1144. St. Mauritius at Cologne. De ij Lassaulx's Notes, etc., p. 219. "A small church, and, with few exceptions, consisting almost, as it were, of one piece ; built upon arches, and without any kind of buttresses. We still see here the plain pillars with cubical capitals, which, like every thing here, were kept simple, probably for want of money." 1144. Woburn abbey, Bedfordshire, founded by Hugh do Bolebec. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 478. impo.t in the Ap.e, st. Mauntiu., coiognt. 1144. "Hoc eodem anno coeperunt homines prius apud Carnotum (Chartres, in France) carros lapidibus onustos, et lignis, annona, et rebus aliis, suis humeris trahere ad opus ecclesiae, cujus turres tunc fiebant : quae qui non vidit, jam simiKa non videbit." Chron. Noi-manniae, p. 982. The doorway was finished the following year. Style — Transition from Norman. For engravings see " Moyen Age Monumental." 1146. The castle of Wallingford, in Berkshii'e, built by king Stephen. Chron. Normanniae, p. 982, and Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 280. 1146. Croyland church burnt. "Ecclesia Croylandiae, cum multis officinis, concrematur." Chron. Petriburg. 56 STEPHEN. 1146. Lincoln cathedral restored by bishop Alexander. "Eodem anno (1145) episcopus Lincoiniensis Alexander iterum Romam petens, honorifice susceptus est ab Eugenio (III.) papa novo .... Rediens autem secundo anno ecclesiam Lincolnien- sem, quae ex combustione deturbata fuerat (anno 1141), miro artificio sic reformavit, ut pulchrior appareret, quam cum pri- mura nova facta fuerat.'^ Eog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 280. The present west doorways are the work of bishop Alexander, inserted in walls of earlier date. 1146. "Dux Gaufredus (the father of king Henry II.) sarta- tecta turris Rotomagi et castelli, quae per obsidionem corrupta fuerant, decenter restaurat." Rob. de Monte Chron. inter Rerum Gallic. Scriptores, toni. xiii. p. 291. 1147. The Cistercian abbeys of Bruerne in Oxfordshire, of Bittlesden in Buckinghamshire, and of Saltrey in Huntingdon- shire, founded, Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. pp. 496, 364, and 521. 1147, vel circa. Faversham abbey, in Kent, founded by king Stephen and Matilda his queen. Monasticon, vol. iv. p. 568. " By the munificence of the royal founders, the building of this abbey was not long before it was completed ; at least, the church of it seems to have been finished before the year 1151, when queen Matilda died, and was buried in it, as was Eustace earl of Boulogne, her eldest son, about fifteen months after- wards, and king Stephen himself at the latter end of the year 1154." 1148. The church of Schwartz-Rheindorf, on the Rhine, Jg.. r- '".;"■ •..^■'." opposite Bonn, begun by Arnold, archbishop of Co- logne, and consecrated in 1151. " One of the most rare double churches, i. e. one standing upon another. It does not shew the slightest trace of the pointed arch. C»plUJlntl..Arc.de ^^ ^^^ ^^ arCadc going almost string in the upper church. round the whole church, resting on more than one hundred little pillars, which, at their bases, as well as at their capitals, display a whole assemblage of various ornaments and profiles." De LKwaulx'a Notes on the Churches of the Rhine, p. 203. The date is recorded on an inscription cut in stone at the back of the Altar in the lower church. The upper church is entered by an external staircase. m jjjtiiii' f 1 ..illL STEPHEN. 57 1148. St. Augustine's priory, Bristol. " Robert Fitz-IIarding, mayor of Bristol, founded the monastery of St. Augustine, neere unto the said city, in the yeere 1148 This foundation was afterwards confirmed, and augmented by king Henry the Second, who greatly favoured the author of the same." Godwin, p. 411. The gateway and the chapter-house are of this period. As to the church, see the year 1306. Capital, vol. iii. PI. 15. 1149. Mosque of Barkauk, at Cairo. This building is of ashlar masonry, and in very perfect preservation. The work is plain, the pillars square, with the corners chamfered off, and no capitals ; the arches are slightly pointed, the windows round-headed, and several of them are circular. Much of the work bears considerable resemblance to English work of the same period, but it has domical vaults and cupolas, with inscriptions. It is considered by Mr. Coste as a good specimen of the second Arabian style. Coste, Archit. Arabe, Plates 9—15. 1150. The Abbeye Blanche at Mortain, in Normandy, founded by William, earl of Mortain in Normandy and of Cornwall in England. Neustria Pia, p. 840, and Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie, an. 1825, p. 112. Style — Norman and Transition. The vault is an early specimen of covering over wide spaces. 1150. Combe abbey, in Warwickshire, founded by Richard de Camville. Chrou. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 582. 1150. Dryburgh abbey, in Berwickshire, founded by Hugh Morville, constable of Scotland. Hog. de Hoveden Anna!., p. 281, and Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1 152. 1150. Holme-Cultram abbey, in Cumberland, founded by Henry, son of David king of Scotland. Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 281, and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 593- According to the Cliron. Petriburg. it was founded in 1151. 1150 — 1180. St. Sepulchre's church, Northampton. Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. i. p. A'). Part of the church is probably of the earlier date ; but other parts are of the later, and chiefly Transition work. Style — Norman. Window, vol. iii. PI. 3i). Base, vol. ii. PI. II. I 58 STEPHEN. 1150. The abbey of Kinros, in Scotland, founded. Ilog.de Hovedcn Aunal., p. 381. 1152. The baptistery, or church of San Giovanni, at Pisa, founded. The date is recorded by the following contemporary inscription, placed on the first pillar at the right side of the entrance: mcliii . (according to the Pisan computation) mense . AVG . FVNDATA . FviT . HMc . ECCLESiA. The architect was Diotisalvi, a native of Pisa. Grassi, Descrizione di Pisa, part ii. p. 82. 1152. Kirkstall abbey, in the west riding of Yorkshire, founded by Henry de Lacy. It was completed before the year 1 182. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 526. Style — Good Norman aud Transition. Piscina, vol. ii. PI. 111. 1152—1173. Great St. Martin's church at Cologne. The second date is that of its consecration. De Lassaulx's Notes, etc., pp. 216, 217. "One of the finest churches in Cologne. The tower belongs to the boldest class, as appears by the ground-plan given by Boisseree. The beautiful baptismal font, judging from the style of its decorations, appears to be rather of later date than the church." See Boisseree, Plates 10 to 15. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OF KING STEPHEN. Iffley church, Oxfordshire. The age of this church has been much disputed, but the style is late Norman, and very rich ; the Sagittarius, or mounted archer, the heraldic badge of Stephen, is used as an ornament, and may be considered as evidence that the church was built in his reign. The advowson was given to the monastery of Kenilworth by Juliana de S. Remigio, in the reign of Henry II. Ingram's Momuriiilij of Oxford. Font, vol. ii. PI. 58. Tracery of Vaulting, vol. iii. PI. 35. Corbel Table, vol. iii. PI. 23. Door, vol. ii. PI. 45. Arch, Avington church, Berkshire, vol. iii. PI. 7. " This is a very curious and fine Norman church, with a rich arch between nave and chancel, which seems to have failed at an early period, and been lately drawn too much depressed, and looking like two arches, which appcar- iiiicc it has not really." Ukkman, p. 126. STEPHEN. 59 St. Peter's church, Northampton. There is no record of the time at which this curious and interesting buihiing was erected ; we are therefore thrown upon comparison to ascertain its date. The arches are square in section, and ornamented with the zigzag only, wliich wouki seem to indicate an early date. On the other hand, the banded columns usually belong to a late period, and the singular rounded buttresses at the west end have not at all the appearance of early Norman work. See Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. v. p. 179, and vol. ii. p. 13. Archea of the Nave. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 1. Corbel table, vol. iii. PI. 23. Column, vol. iii. PI. 22. Capital, vol. ii. PI. 28. Church of St. Loup, at Bayeux, Normandy. Style — Norman, richly ornamented, not very early in the style. See Pngia'^ Normandy. Abacus, Jew's house, Lincoln, vol. ii. PI. 1. Arcade, St. Ethelbert's tower, Canterbury, vol. iii. PI. 3. Arcade, Castle Rising church, Norfolk, vol. iii. PI. 3. Arch, Elkstone church, Gloucestershire, vol. ii. PI. 7. See Rickman, p. 170. Font, Brideskirk, Cumberland, vol. iii. PI. 37. Font, Wansford church, Northamptonshire, vol. iii. PI. 34. Font, East Meon church, Hants, vol. iii. PI. 34. Font, Dorchester church, Oxfordshire, vol. iii. PI. 34. Font, St. Michaers church, Southampton, vol. iii. PI. 34. Tower^ Almondsbury church, Gloucestershire, vol. iii. PI. 38. GO HENRY II. PLANTA-GBNISTA. AEMS OP GEOFFREY EARL OF ANJOU, Father of king Henry II -f. HEAD OF HENRY I ELEANOR OF GUIENNE. I From their monuments at Fontevraud. 1154—1189. Henry II. 1154. Stoneleigh, or Stoneley priory, near Kenil worth, War- wickshire, begun. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 444. In 1245 it was much injured by fire. The gate-house, which was erected by abbot Robert de Hockele, between 1293 and 1349, is the principal portion remaining of this priory. Doorway, vol. ii. PI. 46. 1154. The Premonstratensian abbey of Barling, or Oxeney, in Lincolnshire, founded. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 915. 1155. The church of Senlis, in France, rebuilt : consecrated in 1191. Gall. Christ., t. x. col. 1378. 1155. The Cistercian abbey at Stanley, in Wiltshire, founded. Chron. Petriburg. See also Monasticon, vol. v. p. 563. • These arms are attributed to the of them, family of Anjou, but witliout any con- f They are taken from an enamelled temporary authority. We here give them tablet, which was on his tomb at Mans, only in order to point out the arbi- and is now preserved in the museum of trary appropriation which has been made that city. , HENRY II. 61 1155 — 1177. Peterborough ca- thedral, transepts ; the work con- tinued by abbot Waterville. See the year 1117. Style — Good Norman, not late in style ; corresponding exactly with the choir. Moulding in the Transept*. 1156—1160. St. Sepulchre's chapel at York built by arch- bishop Roger. Drake's Hist, of York, and Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1475. 1156. Church of S. Michael, at Schwabischall, Germany, built by Gebhard, bishop of Wurzburg. Heideloff's Architectural Ornaments, V. 4. Style — Romanesque. 1157. King Henry II. restored and fortified the castles of Basingwerck and Rudland, in Flintshire, " et inter hsec duo castra unam domum militibus Templi construxit.^' Chron. Nor- mannise, p. 993; Matth. Paris, Hist.; Nic. Trivet. Annal. ; and Pennant's Tour in Wales, pp. 22, 23. At Basingwerck there was also an abbey, which was founded in the year 1131 by Ranulph earl of Chester, and richly endowed about 1157 by Henry II. See Monasticon, vol. v. p. 261. 1157 — 1211. St. George de Bocherville, Normandy, chapter- house, built by abbot Victor, who became abbot in 1157, and died about 1211. The rich western doorway is also probably llis work. See Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 20. Style — Transition Norman. 1160. Bayeux cathedral restored and partly rebuilt by bishop Philip de Harcourt. Chron. Normanniae, p. 998; Gallia Christiana, torn. xi. col. 363 ; and Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 74. Style — Norman, late, and rich work : the arches of the nave appear to he of this date. For engravings, see Pugin's and Cotman's Normandy. 1160. "Henricus rex Anglorum fecit tria castella muni- tissima, scilicet Gisors, Neafliam (Neaufle), et Novum-castellum (Neuchatel), sita super fluvium Eptse in confinio Normannise et Francise.^' Chron. Normanniae, p. 997. 63 ^ HENRY II. 1161. The Leprous hospital, or Lazar-house at Beaulieu, about a mile from Caen, Normandy, founded by Henry II. " Domum Leprosorum juxta Cadomum mirabilem sedificavit.'' Chron. Normannice, p. 997. The small church, which is still standing, and appears to be of the same date, probably belonged to that establishment. Style — Late Norman. The doorway has rich mouldings. Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 77. 1161. Adam, prior of Bermondsey, Surrey, made abbot of Evesham. " Iste multa bona opera operatus est domum suae et locum aedificando, et ornando.'^ Chron. Petriburg. 1161. King Henry II. enclosed a park, and built a royal mansion at Quevilly, near Rouen, Normandy. "Parcum et mansionem regiam fecit circa fustes plantatos apud Chivilejum juxta Rotomagum.^^ Eob. de Monte Chron. v. Rerum Gallicarum Scriptores, torn. xiii. p. 306. 1163—1185. The choir of Notre Dame, at Paris. It was commenced by bishop Maurice de Sully in the year 1163, and completed before 1185. Heraclius, the patriarch of Jerusalem, who had come to Paris to preach the crusade, celebrated high mass in the choir of this cathe- dral, on January 17th of the same year, in the presence of the bishop and his clergy. " Bishop Maurice de Sully did not live to complete the edifice he had founded, but at his death in 1196, left one hundred livres towards the expense of covering it with lead. After his death, in 1208, Pierre de Nemours, and the bishops his successors, terminated the erection of this grand ecclesiasti- cal edifice, one of the earliest examples of the pointed style of architecture." Winkles, p. 34. Style — Transition Norman and Early French: arches pointed, with flat soffits ; capitals richly sculptured ; pillars plain round ; vaulting simple, with arch ribs, and groin ribs. The chapels round the choir are of considerably later date. 1163—1182. The choir of St. Germain des Pres, Paris. Transition from Norman. 1164. The Cistercian abbey at Cupar, in Fife, Scotland, founded by Malcolm IV. king of the Scots. Rog. de Hoveden Annal., p. 283, and Camden's Britannia, p. 408. 1165 — 1191. Oakham castle, Rutlandshire, built by Walkelin dc Ferrars. Camden's Britannia, vol. ii. p. 219. Style — Transition from Norman to Eariy English : one of the capiUils has the tooth-ornament. Beo Etchings l.y W. Twopeny, Esq., privutoly printed, Plate i. HENRY II. 63 1169 — 1185. The cathedral of Palermo, Sicily, entirely re- built by Walter of Hamele, (an Englishman,) archbishop of Palermo, and minister to the Sicilian king William II. It was consecrated in 1 185. Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, pp. 248, 249. " Of the fahric of Walter little remains hut the crypt, a portion of the south side of the church, and a portion of the east end. The south side has pointed windows, surrounded with a moulding peculiar to the Saracens ; and under the eaves of the east end, grotesque heads are to be seen of Norman cha- racter." 1170 — 1174. Norham castle fortified by Hugh du Puiset, bishop of Durham. Some circumstances relating to the work and the architect will be found in Reginald of Durham, capp. xlvii. and liv. 1171. The crypt of York cathedral built by archbishop Roger. Godwin, p. 460. Style — Late rich Norman : the vault has round ribs. 1172. The church of Savigny, in Normandy, commenced. De Caumont. The earliest parts are in the Norman semicircular style. 1172. The abbey church of St. Bernard, at Chiaravalle, between Ancona and Sinigaglia, Italy. The date is recorded in an inscription on the principal entrance. The style is Transition from Romanesque to Pointed, with heavy pillars, arches slightly pointed, windows rouud-headed ; west end quite Romanesque. See D'Agincourt, Histoire de I'Art par leu Monnmens ; Architecture, p. 60 ; Plates XXXV. Nos. 23, 24, 25., XLII. No. 5, LXX. Nos. 10, 11., and LXXIII. No. 31. 1174. The church of Maniace, near Bronte, in Sicily, built by Margaret of Navarre, mother of the Sicilian king William II., called the Good. Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 169, and Illustrations, PL 20. Style — Very like the usual Transition from Norman. 1174. The cathedral of Monreale, in Sicily, built by William II. king of Sicily. The bronze door, which is richly ornamented with small figures in compartments, is the work of Bonanno Pisano, who completed it in 1186. Serradifalco, II Duomo di Mon- reale, &c. pp. f) — 22, Plates i. to xiv. " This cathedral is the latest and most splendid of the works of the Norman kings of Sicily. Latin in its shape, Norman in its colonnade, Byzantine in 64 HENRY II. its mosaics, Greek in its sculpture, Saracenic and Norman in many of its moulding's, features, and details, it exhibits a most curious combination of styles, and is one of tlie most splendid monuments of the middle ages." Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 290. PopC LuciuS III. in a bull addressed tO the first archbishop of Monreale, dated 1182, mentions it as a work unrivalled since the days of the ancients. See also Gaily Knight's Saracenic and Norman Remains in Sicily, Plates xxiv. and xxv. 1174. The Campanile, or leaning tower of Pisa, Tuscany, built by Bonanno Pisano, and William of Inspruck. Under the first arcade, at the right side of the door, is the following inscription cut in stone, which records its foundation : a.d. MCLXXIV. CAMPANILE HOC FVIT FVNDATVM MENSE AVGVSTI. Kanieri Grassi, in his work Fabbriche Principali di Pisa, and particularly in his Descrizione Storica e Artistica di Pisa, part i. pp. 97 — 109, has fully proved, against the opinion of some modern writers, that its inclination is the result of a premeditated plan, and not the consequence of its foundations having sunk. This tower is covered with arcades of small semicircular arches, and has no appearance of the Pointed style. 1174 — 1189. Nave of Ely cathedral finished by bishop Geofirey, called Ridal. Godwin, p. 202. Style — Late Norman ; very light for that style. 1175. The rebuilding of Can- terbury cathedral begun under the direction of William of Sens, a French architect of lively genius and good reputation. Gervas. Tract, de combust, et reparat. eccl. Doroborn., col. 1291. 1175—1181. The tomb of Henry I. count of Champagne, Moulding, East xrausept. executed in his lifetime, and erected in the church of St. Stephen at Troyes, France, which also was built by him. He died March 17, 1181. De Caumont, Cours d'Autiquites,vol. vi. p. 371, PI. 100. This tomb has a canopy supported by a Norman arcade richly ornamented, of late character, but without any trace of the pointed arch. 1176. The abbey church of St. Mary at Cirencester, Glou- cestershire, consecrated. "Eodem anno XVI. Kal. Novembris, HENRY II. die dominica, dedicata est ecclesia canonicorum regularium Cirencestrise in honore beatse Dei genitricis Maria3, a Bartho- lomaeo Exoniensi episcopo, praesente domino rege." Rog. de Hoveden Anual., p. 316. v. 1177 — 1193. Peterborough cathedral; the nave, from the tower to the porch, built, and the chapel of St. Thomas finished, by abbot Benedict. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 353. "Benedictus prior Cantuariensis factus est (anno 1177) abbas Burgi ; qui fecit construere totam navem ecclesisc Burgi ex lapide et ligno, a turre usque ad frontem, et capellam in honorem sanctiTbomae martyris ad portam monas- terii." Chron. Petriburg. Style — The nave is good Norman, corresponding very nearly with the choir and transepts, and evidently a continuation of the original plan. The billet- moulding is discontinued. See under the years 1117 and 1155. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 9. 1178. The church of Lessay, in Normandy, consecrated. It was commenced towards the end of the eleventh century. De Camnont, Histoire Sommaire de I'Architecture, p. 138, and Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 98. Style— ^-Norman, unmixed : arches round throughout ; no appearance of Transition. 1179. William, of Sens, the architect, from a fall which he had, being rendered un- able to continue his work in Canterbury cathedral, Wil- liam, an Englishman, suc- ceeds him, and carries on his plan. Trinity chapel, its crypts and corona, were built by him, and finished in 1184. Prof. Willis's Architect. Hist, of Canterbury Cathedral, pp. 51 — 62. i^v Ease, Canterbury Cathedral. 1180. Christ Church cathedral, Oxford, consecrated. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford. Arcade, vol. ii. PI. 5. Rib, vol. ii. PI. 121. Capital, vol. ii. PI. 29. Style — Late Norman and Transition. "M.^v^^s^ m. WW gg HENRY II. 1180. Notre Dame, at Bruges, in Belgium, rebuilt by Ger- trude, widow of Rodolphe, lord of Gruthuse, and viscount of Bruges, and by John her son. Its consecration took place in 1185. Bcaucort, Descript. de Notre Dame a Bruges, p. 18; and Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. 1180. The chapel of St. Walderich at Murrhard, in Germany, built by abbot Herbot. S ty le — Rom an esque. For engravings see Heideloffs Architect. Ornaments, III. 1—3., and V. 1—3. 1180—1197. The galilee of Durham cathedral built by bishop Hugh du Puiset (corruptly Pudsey). Godwin, p. 512. Style — Transition Norman. Arch, vol. ii. PI. 10. circa 1180—1200. Romsey church, Hampshire. A gi-eat part of this church is of Transition character, but parts are quite Early English. Apse, vol. ii. PI. 3. Two Arches, vol. iii. PL 4. Five Capitals, vol. iii. PI. 15. Base, vol. ii. PI. 13. Corbel Table, vol. ii. PI. 37. Window, vol. ii. PI. 149. 1180—1200. Church of St. Thomas k Becket, Portsmouth. From records in the possession of Thomas Thistlethwaite, Esq., of South wick Park, Hampshire, it appears that about the first date John de Gisons granted to the church and canons of St. Mary of Southwick, a place to erect a chapel in honour of St. Thomas of Canterbury, on his land called Sudeweda, in the island of Portsea, containing thirteen perches in length and twelve in width. There is besides a charter of Richard Toclyve, bishop of Winchester, addressed to Godfrey, prior of Southwick, in which, among other things, he confirms to the priory the cha'pel of St. Thomas the Mart j/r, which they had begun to huildy with the consent and advice of the said bishop, in their parish of Portsea. Bishop Richard Toclyve was elected May 1, 1173, and died in 1189. Style — Norman and Transition : the chancel remains. Corbel table, vol. ii. PI. 37. 1180, vel circa. Croyland abbey and church completed by .[(iiliiliiiiilliii'iiK : I .' I , i 1 1 1 ^itiiiiiiiiiiq'iiffi; _ Capital and Base, S. Walderich'*, Murrhard. HENRY II. 67 Robert de Radinges, who was appointed abbot in 1175, and died in 1190. Monasticon, vol. ii. p. 101. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 3. 1181. The Carthusian priory of Witham, in Somersetshire, founded and endowed by king Henry II. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1. 1183. The belfry at Ghent, in Belgium, begun by Siger, chaplain of the city. The works were often interrupted, and not finished until 1339. Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. 1183 — 1205. Bayeux cathedral, Normandy; the choir built by Henry de Beaumont, bishop of Bayeux, who died in 1205, and was buried in it. Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 75. Style — Early pointed. 1185. Temple church, London, dedicated by Heraclius, pa- triarch of Jerusalem, as appears by the following inscription, formerly on the stone-work over the little door next the cloister, but broken by the workmen in the year 1695. It was written within a half circle, in great Saxon characters. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 28. "'"'I,, TION€-DOMINI- CD-etXJKV.' DeDICjq;i«»IjCC-€CCIGSJMNDONO „;,, s6eReS\ZR€CTI0NIS-eCCL€SI€' ?ATRI " The round part of the church is Transition-Noraaan work. For engravings see Billings' Temple Church. 1185 — 1190. Dodford priory, in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, founded by king Henry II. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 944. 68 HENRY II. 1185 — 1200. Glastonbury abbey, in Somersetshire, rebuilt. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 5 and 02. Of that immense range of buildings, some fragments only remain, which are of Transition character, with a good deal of Early English work. For engravings see Vetiista Monumenta, vol. iv. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 3. Buttress, vol. ii. PI. 16. Rib, vol. ii. PI. 77. Ornamented moulding, vol. ii. PI. 58. Turret, vol. ii. PI. 89. 1186—1232. The church of Doberan, in Mecklenburg, Ger- many. Boisseree's Rhine Churches. Style — Transition, and Early German. 1188. Clyve or Cleeve abbey, in Somersetshire, founded by William de Romare, earl of Lincoln. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 731. This is in ruins, but some valuable portions remain. Style— Early English. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OF KING HENRY II. St. Peter's church, Oxford; choir, with crypt, and part of the nave. We have no record of the date of this church, but on comparing the groined roof of the choir with the work of William of Sens at Canterbury, the resem- blance is so striking that there can be no doubt this is nearly of the same age : the plan of the vaulting is the same, and here also the pointed arch is used for the arch rib. Style — Norman, richly ornamented. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 1. Abacus, vol. ii. PI. 1. Spire-turret, vol. i. p. 344. Columns, vol. iii. PI. 22. Corbel-table, vol. iii. PI. 23. Base, vol. ii. PI. 13. Malmsbury abbey church, Wiltshire. Mr. Britton is disposed to assign this building to the time of Henry I., but in the absence of any direct testimony, the pointed arches must be considered as conclusive against such a supposition. The pillars and arches are massive, but the character of the mouldings and ornaments is late Norman. Style — Transition. Triforium, vol. ii. PI. 140. Arches, vol. iii. PI. 5 and 6, Column, vol. iii. PI. 22. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 3. Dripstone terminations, vol. ii. PI. 39. Arcades, St. John's, Devizes, vol. ii. PI. 4 ; Wenlock, Shropshire, vol. iii. PI. 3 ; Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, vol. ii, PI. 5 ; Bristol Chapter-house, vol. iii. PI. .3. HENRY II. 69 Arch, Fairford, Berkshire, vol. iii. PI. 5. Bosses, St. Sepulchre's, Cambridge, vol. iii. PI. 10. Buttress, St. Mary's, Leicester, vol. ii. PI. 21. Capitals, Edgcott, Northamptonshire, vol. ii. PI. 29 ; St. Nicholas, Blois, vol. ii. PI. 29 ; St. Peter's, Northampton, vol. ii. PI. 28. Doorways, Fordington, Dorsetshire, vol.ii. PI. 46; Middleton Stoney, Oxford- shire, vol. ii. PI. 47 ; St. Ebbe's, Oxford, vol. ii. PI. 45 ; Jews' house, Lincoln, vol. iii. PI. 31 ; and Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, vol. ii. PL 46 ; Barfreston, Kent, vol. iii. PI. 30. Fireplace, Conisborough castle, Yorkshire, vol. ii. PI. 54. Fonts, Avebury and Bremhill, Wiltshire, vol. iii. PI. 34. Niche, Hadiscoe, Norfolk, vol. ii. PI. 94. Parapet, St. Etienne, Caen, vol. ii. PI. 97. Pillars, Islip, Oxfordshire, and Appleton, Berkshire, vol.ii. PI. 104. Porches, Kelso, Scotland, vol. ii. PI. 115 ; Sherborne, Dorset, vol.ii. PI. 115. Screen, Compton, Surrey, vol. ii. PI. 126. Sedilia, Wellingore, Lincolnshire, vol. ii. PI. 130. Turret, Bishop's Cleve, Gloucestershire, vol. i. p. 344. Windows, St. John's, Devizes ; Sutton Courtney, Berks, vol. ii. PI. 148 ; Barfreston, Kent, vol. ii. PI. 163. HEAD OF RICHABJ) I. From hia monument at Fontevraud. HEAD OF BERENGARIA. From her monument in the Abbey of TEspan. 1189 — 1199. Richard I. Cceur de Lion. 1190—1200. St. Giles's church, Oxford, built by Hugh bishop of Lincoln. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford. The tower, nave, and aisles probably of this date. Style — Transition and Early English. Window, vol. ii. PI. 152. 1190—1210. Cloisters of St. Paul's, without the walls, at Rome. An inscription on the cornice records their erection at this date. 70 RICHARD I. Style — Romanesque, arches round-headed: it is richly ornamented with mosaics, all of Roman pattern. See D'Agincourt, Histoire de I'Art par les Monu- menta, folio, vol. i. Plates 22 and 23. 1190. The Cistercian abbey of Bonport, near Pont-de- I'Arche, in Normandy, founded by king Richard Coeur-de-Lion. Neustria Pia, p. 894; Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1110; and Dawson Turner's Tour in Normandy, vol. ii. p. 284, 285. " A fine rose-window in the church of this abbey, and two specimens of the painted glass from its windows, the one representing angels holding musical instruments, supposed to be of the thirteenth century, the other containing a set of male and female heads of extraordinarily rich color, probably executed about a century later, are given by Willemin in his Monumens Fraugais Inedites." Of the abbey itself there are only few remains to be seen. 1190. vel circa. The nunnery of Castle-Hedingham, Essex, founded by Alberic de Vere, first earl of Oxford, for his second wife, Lucia, who took the veil in it. Monasticon, vol. iv. p. 436. Windows, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1192. Clee church, in Lincolnshire, consecrated by Hugh bishop of Lincoln, and dedicated to the Holy Trinity and the Blessed Virgin, as recorded by the following inscription : ^^ e^Nit Ji^f lEtr^ejyiAPa^vLT'jB _ >ItiW j^ JC/mNACrOJ^CDJMf cDckch XepOI\ERTC/lRDj'K€GIS See Pegge's Sylloge, p. 67. This church has some fine Norman piers and arches. 1193 — 1214. The abbey of Altenburgh, in Germany Boisseree's Rhine Churches. Style— Early Pointed. 1195 — 1205. Winchester Lady-chapel, built by bishop God- frey de Lucy. Milner's History of Winchester. Style— Early English. Stringcourse, vol. ii. PI. 83. Base, vol. iii. PI. 9. 1195 — 1214. St. Alban's abbey, western arches of the nave and west porch ; recorded as the work of abbot John de Cella Style— Early English, early in the style. RICHARD I. 71 1195 — 1250. Glasgow cathedral^ commenced by bishop Joce- line, who was consecrated in 1175, and completed by bishop Bondington, who was consecrated in 1233. Bishop Joceline's tomb in the crypt is an indication of that part having been com- pleted by him. Style — Early English, very pure, bold, and good. See Plans, Elevations, Sec- tions, Details and Views, of the Cathedral of Glasgow, by J. Collie, Architect, London, 1835. 1195 — 1250. Lincoln cathedral, nave and transepts; com- menced by bishop Hugh, who gave the design and began the work ; and completed by bishop Robert, called Grosse-teste. " His church of Lincolne he (bishop Hugh) caused to be all new built from the foundation, a great and memorable worke, and not possible to be per- formed by him without infinite helpe He died at London in 1200 .... his body was presently conveyed to Lincolne .... and buried in the body of the east part of the church above the high aulter." Godwin, p. 237. Style — Early English ; very beautiful work with a good deal of ornament. Base, vol. iii. PI. 8. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 6. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 1. 1196. Chateau Gaillard, near Andelys, in Normandy, built by king Richard I. Rog. de Hoveden Annal., Matth. Paris Hist., and Chron. Petriburg. This celebrated castle is said to have been built in one year. It was certainly completed before king Richard's death, for not a few of his charters are dated from it. Richard died under the walls of the castle of Chains, now called the chateau de Chabrol, near Limoges, in France, on the 6th of April, 1 1 99. Head of king Riclurd, from hU mouament U Rouen. 1197. The church of St. Marthe, at Tarrascon, in France, consecrated. Bulletin Monum., vol. xi. p. 98. 1 198. The nunnery of St. Antoine at Paris, founded. " Quaedam mulieres ad praedicationem Fulconis Parisiensis presbyteri con- jugium respuentes, et soli Deo servire cupientes, in abbatia sancti Antonii Parisius collocata sunt, quae, causa iUarum, eo tempore fundata fuit.^^ Guill. de Nangiaco Chron. 1198—1215. The galilee of Ely cathedral built by bishop Eustace. "Ipse construxit novam Galileam a fundamentis versus occidentem." Anglia Sacra, tom. i. p. 634. Style — Early English ; lancet and trefoil-headed windows. HEAD OF KING JOHN, From hit monument in Worcetter Cathedral. ISABELLA OF ANGOULEME, From her monument at Fontevraud. 1199—1216. John. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE EARLY PART OF THE REIGN OF KING JOHN, OR ABOUT THE YEAR I200. Arcades, ConDington, Hunt, vol. iii. PL 1 ; and St. James's, Bristol, vol. iii. PI. 3. Arches, St. Mary's, Devizes ; Walsoken, Norfolk, vol. iii. PI. 5, 6. Corbel table, Adel, Yorkshire, vol. iii. PI. 23. Fonts, Binsey, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 58 ; Bodmin, Cornwall, vol. iii. PI. 34. Piscina, Hexham, Northumberland, vol. ii. PI. 72. Window, Pythagoras' school, Cambridge, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1199. The cathedral church of Chichester, which had been extremely injured by fire in 1186, and afterwards restored by bishop Seffride the Second, was in this year re-consecrated. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1162. See also Godwin, p. 385. Style — Noraian. Window, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1200. Norwich cathedral. Monasticon, vol. iv. p. 2. " This man (John of Oxford) finished the church which Herbert (being prevented by death) had left unperfected In his time the cathedrall church was again defaced with fire in the second yeare of king John." Godwin, p. 344. Style — Norman. Base, vol. iii. PI. 8. 1200. The parish church of Boppard on the Rhine. De Lassaulx's Notes on the Churches of the Rhine, p. 168. The choir may belong to the middle of the thirteenth century, it is an excellent specimen of the Transition style. circa 1200. The Cathedral of Limburg, Germany. Moller's Memorials, translated by Leeds, p, 115. " Judging from the style of its architecture, we may fix the close of the twelfth, and the early part of the thirteenth century, as the period to which it belongs." JOHN. 73 1201—1304. The Market Hall, or Hotel de Ville, at Ypres, in Belgium, coramenced by Baldwin IX., count of Flanders, but not finished until 1304. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in'Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. p. 49. It is one of the finest Gothic structures in the world, of immense size, and uniform throughout. On the first floor are two very long halls, reaching the entire length of the building, which have their original plain open timber roofs ; the windows have early tracery, consisting chiefly of trefoils ; along the ridge of the roof is an elegant crest of open Gothic work. The central tower is very lofty and grand. Style — Early Pointed, and Early Decorated. 1201 — 1220. The cathedral of Rouen, in Normandy, re- built from the design, and under the direction of Ingelramnus, the same architect employed a few years afterwards in the con- struction of the new abbey church of Bee. See the year 1214. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 502, and Gaily Knight's Tour in Nor- mandy, pp. 28—30. The north transept, and part of the choir are of this date. Of the former edifice, consecrated by archbishop IMaurilius in 1062 (see under that year), Dothing more remains than the lower part of the north-western tower, called the tower of St. Romain, the adjoining parts of the west front, and its two lateral portals. Style — Early French. 1202. The monument of Alanus, abbot of Tewkesbury, in the south aisle of Tewkesbury church. Monasticon, vol. ii. p. 54. Style — Early English ; trefoiled arch. 1203 — 1218. Worcester cathedral, which had been burnt down in 1202, was rebuilt between these two dates. Its dedi- cation took place on the 7th of June, 1218, in the presence of the young king Henry HI., five bishops, and many abbots and barons. Chron. Petriburgense ; Anglia Sacra, t. i. p. 484, and Monasticon, vol. i. p. 573. The choir with its aisles, and the presbytery, are of this period, though cased on the exterior with Perpendicular work. Style— Pure Early English. Window, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1204. The abbey of Beaulieu, in Hampshire, founded by king John. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. p. 680. For particulars, see Carter's account and architectural illustrations of it, in Wealc's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. Style— Early English. Pulpit, vol. ii. PI. 111). L 74 JOHN. 1205 — 1246. Fountain's abbey, near Ripon, Yorkshire, re- built. Abbot John de Eboraco (York) began the fabric of the church soon after 1204, laying the foundations, and raising some pillars. John Pherd, the next abbot, carried on the work, and John de Cantia (Kent), his successor, finished the structure. This abbot also built the cloister, infirmary, and an apartment for the entertainment of the poor. He died in 1246 ; whence it appears, says Burton, that this fabric was erected in less than the space of forty years. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 286. Style — Pure and good Early English. 1206. The church of St. Mary, at Toscanella, in Italy, dedi- cated, as recorded by an inscription therein. Style — Transition from Romanesque to Early Gothic, but principally Romanesque. For engravings, see Gailhabaud, Ancient and Modern Architecture. 1206—1231. The chapel of the Hotel-Dieu, at Bayeux, in Normandy, built by Robert d^Ableches, bishop of Bayeux. Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 76. A very elegant specimen of the Early Pointed style, with lancet windows and groined roof. 1207. Four altars in the new church at Dunstaple in Bed- fordshire, dedicated. " Dedicata sunt m ecclesia nostra altare S. Marise, et altare S, Frehemundi, et altare S. Nicholai, et altare S. Jacobi." Annal. de Dunstaple. 1208. St. Quirin at Neuss, Germany. Boisseree, Denkmale der Baukunst am Nieder-Rhein, p. 28. Style — Transition, with more of the Early Pointed character. 1208 — 1304. The apse and choir of the cathedral of Troyes, in France, commenced by bishop Hervee. In 1228 the whole church was much injured by a violent hurricane, but was after- wards restored, and the works were carried on till the beginning of the 13th century. Gall. Christ., torn. xii. p. 483, and coll. 505, 506 ; and Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, pp. 637 — 638. 1210. The parish church at Sin^ig, on the Rhine. De Las-^ saulx's Notes, &c., p. 1 99. Style — Transition, approaching the Early Pointed style. • See Boisseree, plate 53 to 55. JOHN. 75 1210 — 1220. The choir of the church of Gelnhauseu, in the Electorate of Hesse-Cassel, built. Kallenbach, Chronologie der Deutsch-raittelalterlichen Baukiinst, I. abtlieilung. A very beautiful example of Early German Gothic, with banded shafts, and capitals enriched with foliage of the stiff- leaf character. CORBELS AND CAPITALS, GELNHAUSEN. 1210—1233. The choir of the abbey church of Heisterbach, on the Ahr, in Germany; which was begun in 1210, and con- secrated in 1233. De Lassaulx's Notes, &c., p. 201. This church is represented in a very complete manner by Boisseree, Plates 39—44. Style — Transition. 1211 — 1241 . The cathedral of Rheims, in France, rebuilt under the direction of the architect Robert de Coucv, who furnished 7fj JOHN. the design and completed the work. Bourasse, Les Cathedrales de France, pp. 58, 59, and De Caumont, Hist, de I'Archit. Relig., p. 377. Style — Early French, richly ornamented with sculpture. 1212. The nave, central tower, and cupola of St. Gereon's church, at Cologne. De Lassaulx's Notes, &c., p. 211. Style — Transition, with more of the Early Pointed style. For engravings see Boisseree, Plates 61 — 63. 1212. The choir of the cathedral of Soissons, in France, com- pleted. The following inscription, discovered by M. de Caumont on the wall by the side of the choir itself, shews that it was finished at this date : — anno : MILLENO : BISCENTENO : DVODENO : HVNC : INTRAKE : CHORVM : CEPIT : GREX : CANONICORVM : TEBCIO : IDVS : MAIL De Caumont, Hist. Sommaire de I'Architectnre, p. 166, and Boarasse, Cathedrales de France, p. CiiS. Style — Transition from Norman, and Early French. Capital, vol. ii. PI. 29. 1213. The church of Dunstaple, being completed, was dedicated this year. ^' In festo sancti Lucse dedicata est eccle- sia de Dunstaple ab Hugone secundo Lincolniense episcopo.'^ Annal, de Dunstaple, and Monasticon, vol, vi. p. 241. Style — Some portions of this church are good Early English : but the greater part is Norman ; and there are many Perpendicular insertions. 1214. The abbey church of Bee, in Normandy, rebuilt. " Jactis in altum fundamentis, ipse (Richardus de Sancto Leodegario, abbas Becci) manibus suis primum lapide, circumstante conventu suo, super funda- mentum posuit, prima die lunae Quadragesimae, procurante et cooperante Ingelramno, magistro operis beatae Manse Rothomagensis, cujus consilio se commisit. Idem vero Ingelramnus viriliter agens, opus incceptum primo anno cum magna virtute sedificavit ; et frontem ecclesiae et navem in longi- tudinem auxit, et duabus amplissimis turribus mirifice adornavit. Peracto autem anno et semi, reti-axit se aliquantulum, opus retardando, et non, ut promiserat, perficiendo. Quo viso, et comperto, abbas sapienti usus consilio, jam uno anno,et octo mensibus expletis, amoto Ingelramno, ipso facto tradidit illud opus ad perficieudum magistro Walterio de Mellento, qui tertio anno adduxil et exaltavit praedictum opus." Chron. Beccense, pp. 214, 215. 1215. Hales Owen abbey, in Shropshire, founded by king John. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 926. Style— Early English. Window, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1215—1220. The porch of the cloisters of Maulbronn, in the HENRY III. 11 kingdom of Wurtembcrg built. Kallenbach, Chronologic derDeutsch- mittelalterliclien Baukunst, II. abtbeilung'. Style — Early German with round arches, but trefoil heads to the lights ; a small circle in the head of each window, and banded shafts. 1215 — 1223. Robert de Lyndesheye, abbot of Peterborough, built the chancel of the church at Oxney, in Northamptonshire ; which was afterwards lengthened by Godfrey of Croyland, another abbot of that monastery. Monasticon, vol. i. pp. 354, and 358. Oxney belonged to the monastery of Peterborough, which had a cell, or small priory there. Some remains of these buildings are still to be seen. Part of the cell is now a farm-house. The hall and dairy have arched stone roofs, with ribs crossing each other at the top, and supported by low pillars. In the dairy remains also the old floor, which is of Barnack stone. 1215, vel circa. The church of St. Sebald at Nuremberg, in Germany, built. Kallenbach, Chronologic, (Sec, II. abtheilung. Style — Romanesque, and Transition. HEAD OF KING HKNRY III. From hu monument in Weatminster abbey. 1216—1272. Henry III. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE EARLY PART OF THE REIGN OF HENRY III., BEING ALL IN THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. Beverley minster, Yorkshire. Arch, vol. iii. Pl.'4 ; Base, vol. ii. PI. 14 ; Base- mouldings, vol. ii. PI. 83; Windows, vol. ii. PI. 163. Christ Church cathedral, chapter -house, &c., Oxford. Abacus, chapter- house, vol. ii. PI. 1 ; Arch in the Lady chapel, vol. ii. PI. 10 ; Boss, vol. ii. PI. 18 ; Tower and Spire, vol. iii. PI. 38. 78 HENRY III. Skelton church, Yorkshire. Bell-cot, vol. ii. PI. 17. Stockbury church, Kent. Base, vol. ii. PI. 14 ; Capital, vol. ii. PI. 30. Tidmarsh Church, Berks. Apse, vol. ii. PI. 3. Arcade and Moulding, Haddenham church, Bucks, vol. ii. Plates 6 and 83. Bell-cot, Glastonbury, vol. ii. PI. 17. Capitals, St. Nicholas, Blois, and Bloxham, Oxon, vol. ii. PI. 30 ; Haseley. Oxon, and Hereford cathedral, vol. i. p. 84. Corbel-tables, Broadwater, Sussex, vol. i. p. 3 ; Ketton, Rutland, vol. i. p. 154. Doorways, Great Haseley, and Kidlington, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 48. Fonts, St. Giles's, Oxford, vol. ii. PI. 59 ; Barnack, Northamptonshire, and Lostwithiel, Cornwall, vol. iii. PI. 34. Mouldings, Shere, Surrey, vol. ii. PI. 83 ; Great Haseley, and Kidlington, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 84 ; Chipping Warden, Northants., vol. ii. PI. 85. Pillars, Eu, in Normandy, vol. ii. PI. 107. Pinnacle, Battle church, Sussex, vol. i. p. 287. Piscina, Cowling, Suflfolk, vol. ii. PI. 1 12. Tower, Middleton Stoney, Oxon, vol. ii. PI. 139. Window, Witney, Oxon, vol. ii. PI. 130. 1216 — 1220. The chapter-house of the abbey of Rammers- dorf, near the Rhine, built. De Lassaulx's Notes, &c., p. 190 and 191, and Boisseree, Denkmale der Baukunst am Nieder-Rhein, PI . 58. Style — Transition, with more of the Early German character. 1217 — 1254. The choir_, surrounding chapels, and transepts of the cathedral of Le Mans, in France, built. Bourasse, Cathe- drales de France, p. 132 *. Style — Early French. 1219. The vaulting of the church of the Apostles at Cologne. De Lassaulxs Notes, &c., pp. 211, 212. Style — Transition. For engravings see Boisseree. 1219. The church of St. Leonard at Francfort on the Maine. Von Lersner's Frankfurter Chronik., II. p. 112. " The ground on which this church is built is said to have been given to the city by the emperor Frederic the Second, in the year 1219, in order to erect, as the document of this donation has it, a chapel in honour of the Virgin Mary • Amongst other monuments, this ca- the abbey of L' Epau, where she was thcdral contains that of Berengaria, queen buried. of Richard Cceur de Lion, brought from HENRY III. 79 and St. George, whose figures are seen in the field of the arched gateway." Moller, Denkinaler der Deutschen Baukuust, p. 14. PI. xi. Style — Transition. The doorway is round-headed ; the capitals and orna- ments partake of the early Gothic character. 1220. The baptistery of Parma, in Italy, commenced, as appears by the following inscription on the lintel of the door- way. BIS DENIS DEMPTIS ANNIS DE MILLE DVCENTIS INCEPIT DICTVS OPVS HOC SCVLPTOB BENEDICTVS. 1220 — 1258. Salisbury cathedral, commenced by bishop Richard Poore in 1220, who died in 1237, and was buried in the choir ; completed by bishop Giles de Bridport, and consecrated in 1258. Leland, Itin. vol. iii. p. 92, and Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1292. Style — Early English. Arcades, vol. iii. PI. 2. Crosses on Gables, vol. iii. PI. 25. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 6. Doors, vol. ii. PI. 49, and vol. iii. PI. 21. Basement Mouldings, vol. ii. PI. 83. Flying Buttresses, vol. iii. PI. 14. Bases, vol. iii. PI. 8. Moulding, vol. ii. PL 83. Boss, vol. iii. PI. 10. Ornamented Moulding to the old or- Bracket, vol. iii. PI. 12. gan screen, vol. ii. PI. 85. Buttresses, vol. iii. PI. 13. Parapet, vol. ii. PI. 97. Capitals, vol. iii. PI. 16. Pillar, vol. ii. PI. 104. Compartments, vol. iii. PI. 19. Rib, vol. ii. PI. 121. Corbel Tables, vol. ii. PI. 37, and Vault, vol. ii. PI. 145. vol. iii. PL 23. Window, vol. iii. PI. 39. Crockets, vol. iii. PL 24. 1220 — 1272. Freiburg minster, in the Breisgau, Germany, built. Holler's Memorials of Gennan Gothic Architecture, transl. by Leeds, p. 142. For engravings, see Moller, Denkmaler der Deutschen Baukunst. Style — Early Pointed. The windows have foliated circles in their heads. 1220 — 1288. The cathedral of Amiens in France. It was begun in 1220 by Robert de Luzarches, a celebrated architect of that time, who gave the design ; continued by Thomas de Cormon, and completed by his son Renaud in 1288. De Cau- mont, Cours d' Antiquites Monumentales, part vi. p. 398, and Bouiasse, Cathe- drales de France, pp. 20, 21. This splendid building, though commenced at the same time with the cathe- 80 HENRY III. dral of Salisbury, is in a more mature style. See Whewell's Architectural Notes, pp. 239, 245. Style — Early Gothic, and part Decorated, with geometrical tracery. THE WESTERN PORCHES, AMIENS CATHEDRAL. 1221. "Hugo, abbas Abendonise, vir dapsilis et largus, obiit. Hie multa bona fecit, nam novum opus (the abbey church, or part of it) inchoavit, et consummavit in vita sua, et ante mortem missam ibidem celebravit ; et jacet ex parte borealis." Abingdon Chron. Of the abbey church nothing exists ; but of the abbey, besides other remains, there is a good Early English fireplace and chimney, and also a groined vault of the same style. Chimney, vol. ii. PI. 32. 1221. The foundation stone of the Lady chapel in West- minster abbey, laid by king Henry III. Matth. Paris, Hist., p. 310. This chapel was pulled down to make way for the new one, which king Henry VII. erected on its site. 1221. Sion church, at Cologne, erected. Gelenius, De sacr. et civil, magnit. Colon, p. 529., and Boisseree, Denkmale der Baukunstam Nieder- Rhein, p. 38. Style — Transition, but more Early Gothic. 1221—1270. The church of St. Martin at Ypres, in Belgium. The chancel was commenced in 1221, and the nave in 1254. HENRY III. 81 The consecration of the whole church took place in 1270. Flandr. Illustr., vol. i. p. 357 ; and Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. p. 50. Style — The chancel, Early Gothic ; the nave. Decorated. 1222 — 1243. St. Mary's church at Treves. De Lassaulx's Notes on the Churches of the Rhine, p. 208. 1223. The nave, and west front of Notrc-Dame, at Paris, finished. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 403. Style — Early French ; a very fine example. 1224. The foundation laid by bishop William de Blois, of the new front of Worcester cathedral. Annal. Vigorn. See A.D. 1202. The same bishop built the chapel of the charnel-house with its crypt. He was consecrated in 1218, and died in August 123(>. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 57.3. 1224 — 1250. Exeter chapter-house, built. Britton's Hist, of Exeter Cathedral, p. 127. The lower part is of this period. The superstructure was begun by bishop Edmund de Lacy, about 1450, and finished by George Newill his successor. Style — The lower part, good Early English ; the upper part, and roof, Per- pendicular. 1225 — 1239. Wells cathedral, west front, nave, and west- ern part of choir, and the chapel in the bishop's palace, built by bishop Joceline de Welles, who was buried in the choir in 1242. It was dedicated in 1239. Nic. Trivet. Annal., sub anno 1206, Anglia Sacra, pars i. p. 564 ; and Monasticon, vol. ii. p. 277. CORBEL HEADS IN THE NAVE, WELLS CATHEDRAL. " Moreover in building he (bishop Joceline) bestowed inestimable summes of money. He built a stately chappell in his palace at Welles, and another at Owky, as also many other edifices in the same houses : and lastly, the church of Welles itselfe being now ready to fall to the ground, notwithstanding the great cost bestowed upon it by bishop Robert ; he pulled downe the greater part of it, to witte, all the west ende, built it a new from the very foun- dation, and hallowed or dedicated it October 23, 1239. Having continued M 82 HENRY III. in this bisbopricke 37 yeeres, he died at last November 19, 1242, and was buried in the middle of the quier that he had built, under a marble tombe, of late yeeres, monsterously defaced." Godwin, Catal. of the BishopB of Engl., p. 296. Style — Early English, very much enriched with carved work and figures, remarkable for their excellent workmanship and elegance of design. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 4. Base, vol. iii. PI. 9. Bosses, vol. iii. PI. 11. Bracket, vol. iii. PI. 12. Corbel, vol. ii. PI. 35. 1225—1239. The choir of Rochester cathedral built by William de Hoo, then sacrist, and afterwards prior of the monastery there. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 158; and Hasted's History of Kent, vol. ii. p. 23. Style— Pure Early English. 1225 — 1270. The apse and choir of the cathedral of Beauvais, in France, built. The vaulting fell in as soon as the church was finished, and was recon- structed in 1272. Twelve years afterwards it again fell in, and forty years more were employed in rebuilding it in the manner it now stands. Bourass^, CathMrales de France, pp. 38, 39 ; Whewell's Architectural Notes, p. 250 ; and Winkles' French Cathedrals, p. 108. Style — Early French ; the pillars have attached shafts, banded ; the win- dows have geometrical tracery. 1226 — 1270. The cathedral, now the parish church of St. Peter, at Lisieux, in Normandy, rebuilt. Gaily Knight's Tour in Noi-mandy, pp. 51, 52. The former building had been destroyed by fire in 1226 (Gallia Christ., t. xi. col. 782), and bishop Fulco was buried in the new choir in 1267 (ibid. col. 783). Style — Early French. 1226, vel circa. The church of St. Gudule, at Brussels, re- built by Henry, first duke of Brabant, but not finished until two centuries afterwards. Rombaut, Bruxelles illustree, tom. ii. ; and see also Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. Parts of the present choir and nave are of this date. 1227. The abbey church of Longpont, in Picardy, consecrated. De Caumont, Hist, de I'Archit. Relig., p. 377. This church is now in ruins, but still affords a very fine example of the l^arly French style. 1227 — 1832. Henton priory, in Somersetshire, founded by Ela, counteas of Salisbury, widow of William Longespee. It HENRY III. 83 was begun in 1227, and finished in 1232. Nic. Triveti Annal. p. 182, and Monusticon, vol. vi. p. 3. " The present manor-house of Henton was erected out of the ruins of the priory, of which several parts, such as the chapel, out-chapel, charnel-house, and granary, are still remaining." Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 5. 1227 — 1250. The south transept of York cathedral, built by- archbishop Walter Gray. Britton's Hist, of York Cathedral ; Appendix of Documents from the Chapter Archives, p. 79. Style— Good Early English. Capital, vol. iii. PI. 16. 1228. Stephen de Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, dies. '^ Inter alia bona, qu8e fecit, etiam pulchrara aulam, quae est in palatio Cantuarise, aedificavit." Nic. Triveti Annal., p. 182. Godwin (Catal. of the Bishops of Engl., p. 64.) mentions that " the arch- bishop's pallace at Canterbury was said to have beene built in a manner all by this Stephen Langton :" adding: "Moreover it is delivered that he bestowed great cost in making a faire horologe in the south crosse isle of the church, neere which he lieth buried, his monument being situate in a manner just under the altar." 1228—1230. The church of St. Francis at Assisi, in Italy. D' Agincourt, Histoire de I'Art par les Monumens, tom. i. p. 62. PI. xxxvii. Style — Early Pointed with a Romanesque tower ; the pillars massive, clus- tered ; arches pointed ; windows of two lancet lights, with a small quatrefoil pierced through the solid head, one of the earliest approaches to tracery. 1230, vel circa. The church of PauPs Cray, in Kent. Abacus, vol. ii. PI. 1. Door, vol. ii. PI. 49. Base, vol. ii. PI. 14. Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 83. 1230—1240. The choir of the Dominicans' church at Halle, in Germany, built. Kallenbach, Chronologic, &c., I. abtheilung. c. 1230—1260. The cathedral of Chartres, in France, rebuilt. In 1260 this church was reconsecrated, and, at the request of king Louis IX., dedicated to the blessed Yirgin by bishop Pierre de Maincy. Gall. Christ., tom. viii. col. 1164; Bourasse, Cathe- drales de France, p. 557 ; and Winkles' French Cathedrals, p. 69. The choir, nave, aisles, and transepts are of this time. The north spire, and some other parts, are of a later date. Pillar, vol. ii. PI. 108. 84 HENRY III. 1230—1276. The church of the Dominican Friars at Louvain, in Belgium, commenced about 1230, but not finished till 1376. DeJonghe, Belgium Dorainicaimiii,p. 130; andWeale's Quarterly Papers, vol.i. 1231. The abbey church of St. Denys, in France, partly re- built. " Consilio regis Franciae Ludovici (IX.) et religiosorum virorum, ecclesiae sancti Dionysii in Francia renovatur sub ab- bate Odone dementis ; quod antea monachi facere non aude- bant, propter dedicationis mysterium quod eadem ecclesia nos- citur a Domino suscepisse." Guill. de Nangiaco Chron. Part of the choir and part also of the nave are of this date. De Caumont, Hist. Soinm. de I'Architecture, p. 167. 1232 — 1238. Lacock, or Laycock nunnery, in Wiltshire, founded by Ela, countess of Salisbury, widow of William Lon- gespee, the 1st. Nic. Triveti Anna!., p. 184 ; and Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 500. The remains of this nunnery are considerable. A minute account of them will be found in the Beauties of England and Wales, vol. xvi. pp. 557 — 561. Bracket, vol. iii. PI. 12. 1232—1250. Ketton church, in Eutlandshire. "Hugh de Wells, bishop of Lincoln, by his deed dated the 5th of August, in the 23rd year of his consecration, 16 Hen. III. (1232), granted a release of 20 days' penance to all those who should contribute any thing to the building or reparation of the church of the blessed Mary at Ketton, at that time ruinous." Blore's Hist. ofRutl., p. 183. Style — Early English, with a curious mixture of Norman forms and details (see Rickman, p. 231, 4th edit). It is therefore probable that parts of the older church were retained when this rebuilding or reparation took place. Ornamented mouldings, vol. ii. PI. 85. 1235. The monastery of St. Scholastica at Subiaco, near Rome, finished. The following inscription, still remaining on a cornice in the cloisters, records the names of the architects, and that of the abbot then governing that establishment. COSMAS • ET FILII • LVC • lA • "KLT . ROMANI • GIVES • IN MAR- MORIS ARTE PERITI • HOC OPVS EXPLERVT • ABIS TPE LANDI. D* Agincourt, Histoire del' Art par les Monumens, tom. i. p. 28. PI. xxix. Style — Romanesque, with semicircular arches, on slender pillars having elongated capitals : under the tower there are pointed arches. HENRY III. 85 1235—1239. The church of Notre Dame de Pamele at Au- (lernaerdc, in Belgium, commenced by Arnould, lord of Auder- naerde, and completed four years afterwards by Alix, his widow. Vander Mersch, Notice sur I'Eglise de Pamele ; see Messager des Sciences et des Arts, 1. Serie, vol. iii. p. 424, and Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. 1235 — 1252. The presbytery of Ely cathedral built by bishop Hugh Northwolde. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 463 ; and Bentliam's Hist, of Ely, p. 148. " This man (l)p. Northwolde) is much commended for his house-keeping and liberality unto the poor, which may well seeme strange, considering the infi- nite deale of money spent by him in building of his church and houses. The presbytery of the cathedral church he raised from the very foundation, and built a steeple of wood toward the Galilee at the west end of the church. This noble worke he finished in seventeene yeeres, with the charge of 53501. 18s. 8d., and the seventeene daie of September, 1253 (1252), he dedicated it in the pre- sence of the king, and his sonne prince Edward &c." Godwin's Catai. of the English Bishops, p. 208. Style — Early English. Window, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1235 — 1241. Ashbourn church, in Derbyshire. The follow- ing inscription on a brass plate in this churchy records the date of its dedication. See Pegge's Sylloge, p. 32. mho^mmmammMc^ii 05^: hoaMRe:(]onSHGKRS vManfto H0RQ:5CI( :OSWJ?K)I:]ie(?IS: €£.0)3^1 l?K:m^neKHBfU:p^TR^:DOl>lin 0: WONa^^ ,QpI5Q0P0:-''-Hini,,jig|ii!|^^^^^^^ ""iiiiliiiiiii^i)..^' Hugh de Patishul was consecrated bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, July 1, 1240, and died Dec. 8, 1241. Style — Early English, with triple lancet windows. 1235 — 1250. The town hall of Marburg, in Gennany, built. Kalleubach, Chronologic der Deutsch-mittelalterlichen Bankunst, I. abtheilung. 86 HENRY III. 1235—1283. The church of St. Elisabeth at Marburg, in Germany. Holler's Memorials of German-Gothic Architecture, transl. by Leeds, pp. 90—144 Style — Early Gothic, corresponding to our Early English. Moller considers this as the very earliest building in Germany, in which this style is consistently maintained. For engravings of it, see Moller, Denkmaler der Deutschen Baukunst. 1238. Peterborough cathedral re-dedicated. Matth. Paris. Hist., p. 407; Chron. Petriburg. sub anno 1237; and Monasticon, vol. i. p. 355. The west front was probably built about this date. Style — Good Early English. Corbel-table, vol. iii. PI. 23. Crosses on Gables, vol. iii. PI. 27. • Window, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1238. The church of Santa Maria at Randazzo, in Sicilly, built, as recorded by the following inscription in one of its walls: ANNO DOMINI . MCCXXXVIII . ACTVM EST HOC OPVS. The architect, according to another inscription, which is also there on a block of lava in the walls, was Leo Cumier. Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, pp. 76 — 78. 1238. St. Neot^s church, in Huntingdonshire, newly rebuilt, and consecrated. Chron. Beccense, p. 215. No remains of the ancient priory, to which this church belonged, at present exist. The columns of the south-west gate, with a pointed arch forming the entrance to the porter's lodge, its last vestiges, were taken down in 1814. Monasticon, vol. iii. p. 470, 1239. vel circa. The present cathedral of Quimper, in Brit- tany, begun; but not finished till the beginning of the 16th century. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, pp. 285—288. 1240. The new choir of the Temple church, London, being finished, the whole church was re-consecrated. " Tempore quo- que sub eodem dedicata est nobilis ecclesia structurse aspectabilis novi Templi Londinensis, prsesente rege et multis regni magna- tibus." Matth. Paris. Hist., p. 326 ; Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 817, and Stow's Survey of London, p. 754. This addition to the old round church is pure Early English. Rib, vol. ii. PI. 121. HENRY III. 87 MouldiDgi from the choir of iLc Temple church, Lomion. A 9M 1240. Aylesford Carmelites' Friary, in Kent, founded by Richard de Grey, lord of Codnor. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1571. 1240. The church of Notre Dame at Tongres, in Belgium, rebuilt. Its construction, judging from the style of the difter- ent parts, must have lasted at least a century and a half. Droixhe, Essai Hist, et Crit. sur Tongres, in the Messager des Sciences et des Arts, 1. Serie, vol. vi. p. 270 ; and Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. 1240 — 1251. Hayles abbey, in Gloucestershire, founded by Richard, earl of Cornwall, afterwards king of the Romans. The monks were introduced in it in 1246, and in 1251 the church was dedicated. Chron. Petriburg., and Monasticon, vol. v. pp. 686—688. The church and most of the surrounding edifices were burnt down in 1271, but were repaired, and in 1277 the church was again consecrated. The only remains of these buildings are a part of the entrance tower, some broken arches of the cloister, the conventual barn, and some of the offices made into cottages. 1240 — 1255. Lincoln cathedral, which had been much in- jured by the fall of a great part of the central tower, was re- paired by bishop Robert Grosse-teste. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1268. The Chronicon Petriburgense alludes probably to that fall under the year 1237, where it says : " Ruina ecclesiae Liucoluiensis, propter artificii insolen- tiam." 88 HENRY III. 1242. Prior Thomas de Melsonby began the new fabric of the cathedral of Durham, the bishop Nicholas of Farnham, and the church of Bedlington, contributing thereto. Hist. Dunelm. Scriptores Tres, p. 41. To what part of the building the words novam fahricam of the text refer, is not precisely known. Godwin, in his Catalogue of the English Bishops, p. 5 19, mentions only that bishop Nicholas, " together with Thomas Melscomb, prior, covered the cathedral with a new roof the yeere 1 242." The vault of the nave, however, and the chapel of the nine altars, appear of this date. 1244. St. Bartholomew's hospital, without the town of Sand- wich, Kent, founded, or more probably rebuilt and enlarged, by sir Henry de Sandwich. Hasted's History of Kent, vol. iv. p. 270. The chapel is beautiful Early English work, and contains the tomb of sir Henry with his figure in ring armour. 1245. King Henry III. ordered the east end, the tower, and the transepts of Westminster abbey church, to be taken down, and rebuilt on a larger scale and in a more elegant form, at his own expense. ^^Eodem vero anno dorainus rex, devotione, quam habuit adversus sanctum Aeduardum, submonente, eccle- siam sancti Petri Westmonasteriensem jussit arapliari : et dirutis antiquis cum turri muris partis orientalis, prsecepit novos, vide- licet decentiores, suis sumptibus, subtilibus artificibus convo- catis, construi, et residuo, videlicet occidentali, operi coaptari." Matth. Paris. Hist., p. 661. The rebuilding of Westminster abbey church, as far as it was prosecuted in the reign of Henry III., may be easily distinguished from the parts erected at a subsequent period. It consists of Edward the Confessor's chapel, the side aisles and chapels, the choir (to somewhat lower than sir Isaac Newton's monument), and the transepts. The four pillars of the present choir, which have brass fillets, appear to finish Henry's work ; the conclusion of which is also marked by a striped chalky stone which forms the roof. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 273. Style — Early English, very rich, and rather late in the style. Arch, vol. i. p. 153. Flying Buttress, vol. iii. PI. 14. Base, vol. iii. PI. 8. Tracery of the Roof, vol. iii. PI. 35. Vault, vol. ii. PI. 145. 1245—1257. The Sainte Chapelle at Paris built from the design and under the direction of Pierre de Monterau, who HENRY III. 89 died in 1266, and was buried in it with an inscription on his tomb recording his works. De Caumont, Hist. Sominaire de VArchi- tect., p. 167. Style — Early Pointed : the windows have foliated circles in their heads. 1246. The hospital of St. John the Baptist at Glastonbury, in Somersetshire, rebuilt by Michael, abbot of Glastonbury. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 773. 1247. The monument of bishop Robert Bingham in Salisbury cathedral. He died in this year, but the monument may be a few years later. It is Early English, but late in the style ; has an elegant ogee canopy, with small figures of angels in the place of crockets, terminated by a good bold finial : the inner arch of this canopy is foliated with a peculiar sort of engrailed work, which occurs occasionally in other examples, as in the sedilia of Haseley church, Oxfordshire. This canopy also has a hollow moulding filled with the ball-flower ornament. Ornamented Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 85. Finial, vol. iii. PI. 33. 1248. St. Cunibert's church at Cologne finished and conse- crated. De Lassaulx's Notes, etc., p. 213. For engravings of it see Boisseree, Plates 67 — 7*2. 1248. The cathedral of Clermont, in France, begun, from the design of John des Champs (a Campis). The works were car- ried on till about 1270, but very little has been done since to bring them to completion, with the exception of the transept, which appears to be of the 14th century. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, pp. 647, 648 ; and De Caumont, Hist, de I'Archit. Relig., p. 383. 1248. Cologne cathedral begun by archbishop Conrad of Hochstetten. De Lassaulx's Notes on the Churches of the Rhine, p. 204. " Cologne cathedral is the unrivalled glory of buildings of this class ; the most splendid, and perhaps the earliest exhibition of the beauties of the com- plete Gothic style." Whewell's Architectural Notes on German Churches, Cambridge, 1842 p. 128. 1248—1264. The Lady-chapel in Wells cathedral, built by bishop William Bitton, who died in 1264, and was buried in it. Godwin, Catal. of the Engl. Bishops, p. 298. Style — Early English, late and rich. Abacus, vol. ii. PI. 1. Bosses, vol. iii. PI. 11. Corbel, vol. ii. PI. 35. N 90 HENRY III. 1248—1350. The fortress and palace of the Alhambra, at Granada, in Spain, commenced by Muhammed ben Alhamar, wlio superintended the work himself; continued by his succes- sors, and finished by Aboul-Hadjiadj Joussouf. Girault de Pran- gey, Essai siir I'Architecture des Arabes et des Mores en Espagne, etc., pp. 124, 125, and Mitford's Hist, of the Mahometan Empire in Spain, part i. chap. v. sect. ii. pp. 193—198. For en<»-ravings see Murphy's Arabian Antiquities, part ii. Plates x. to Ixxxviii. incl., and Owen Jones's Alhambra. 1250. The church of the Dominicans at Ghent, in Belgium, built. The tower, however, and the windows at the end of the chancel, were constructed in the 17th century from the designs of Fran9ois Romain, a friar of that convent, and the architect of the Pont Royal at Paris. De Jonghe, Belgium Dominicanum, p. 30 ; and Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. p. 65. Style — Early Pointed. The design of this fine church is very remarkable : it consists of one large room without aisles, with a lofty pointed ceiling of boards on wooden arches of very wide span, and well moulded ribs ; the buttresses are very bold, with vaulting-shafts up the inner edges, and chapels between them, there are arches across from buttress to buttress, the soffits of which form the vaults of the chapels. At the west end are three line windows with foliated circles in the head ; these are blocked up and most of the side windows de- stroyed, but the shell of the building is perfect. 1250—1260. The north transept of York cathedral, built by John Romain, treasurer of the church. Godwin's Catal. of the Engl. Bishops, p. 470 ; Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1175 ; and Britton's Histoiy of York Cathedral, p. 30. Style — Early English, with foliated circles in the spandrels of the triforium. 1250 — 1280. Newenham abbey church, in Devonshire, built. Walter Bronescombe, bishop of Exeter, contributed greatly to the completion of it. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 690; and Davidson's History of Newcnham Abbey. There are very few remains, but the east end of the chancel, and some other fragments, sufliciently attest that the style was pure Early English. HENRY ITl. 1250, vel circa. The chapter-house of Lich- field cathedral finished. Style — Early English. Dooi-way, vol. iii. PI. 32. nt ttie e.ut end 1250, vel circa. The nave of Lincoln cathedral. corben.e«d Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 2. Cross on Gable, vol. iii. PI. 27, Arch, vol. iii. PI. 6. Triforium, vol. ii. PI. 140. Buttresses, vol. iii. PI. 13. Window, vol. ii. PI. 150. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. St. Saviour's church, Southwark. Abacus, vol. ii. PI. 1. Mouldings, vol. ii. PI. 83. Bracket, vol. iii. PI. 12. Ribs, vol. ii. PI. 121. Stanton Harcourt church, Oxfordshire : the chancel and tran- septs. Style — Pure Early English, rather late in the style. Screen, vol. ii. Pi. 126. Uffington church, Berkshire. A very fine cruciform church of pure Early English work, with some peculiar features. Sedilia, vol. ii. PI. 131. Warmington church, Northamptonshire. Boss, vol. ii. PI. 18. Doorway, vol. ii. PI. 49. Capitals, vol. ii. PI. 30. Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 85. Corbel-table, vol. ii. PI. 37. Niches, vol. ii. PI. 94. Cross, vol. ii. PI. 41. Windows, vol. ii. PI. 150, 151 ; vol. iii. PI. 39. Apse, Tidmarsh church, Berkshire, vol. ii. PI. 3. Arches, in the Lady-chapel, Oxford cathedral, vol. ii. PI. 10, and the north aisle of St. Peter's, Oxford, vol. ii. PI. 11. Bell-gables, on Magdalene chapel at Glastonbury, and at Shipton 011ifi"e, Gloucestershire, vol. ii. PI. 1 7. Brackets, Chepstow castle, vol. iii. PI. 12, and Kirkby Wiske, Yorkshire, vol. ii. PI. 19. Buttresses, Hartlepool, Durham, and Pottern church, Wiltshire, vol. ii. PI. 22. Crosses on Gables, Trinity church, Cambridge, and Horsted church, Norfolk, vol. iii. PI. 27. Dripstone Termination, St. Benet's, Lincoln, vol. ii. PI. 52. 92 HENRY III. Lavatory, Selby, Yorkshire, vol. ii. PI. 70. Mouldings, Rolvenden, Kent, vol. ii. PI. 83 ; Netley abbey, Hants, Court- lodge, Kent, vol. ii. PI. 84 ; St. Cross, Hants; Ketton, Rutland; Bingham Priory, Norfolk, vol. ii. PI. 85. Mullion, Witney church, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 93. Pinnacle, Banipton church, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 110. Porches, Barnack, Northants, and Skelton, Yorkshire, vol. ii. PI. 110. String-course, Romsey church, Hampshire, vol. ii. PI. 83. Tower, Brookthorpe, Gloucestershire, vol. ii. PI. 138. Tower and Spire, Welford church, Berkshire, vol. iii. PI. 38. Windows, Witney church, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PL 150 ; Wimborne Minster, Dorsetshire, and Shipton Olliffe, Gloucestershire, vol. ii. PI. 151 ; St. Augus- tine's church, Canterbury, and St. Leonard's, Stamford, vol. iii. PI. 39 ; Cot- terstock, Northants ; Stone, Kent; Charlton-on-Otmoor, Oxon, vol. ii. PI. 152. 1253 — 1258. Monument of bishop Robert Grosse-teste, in Lincoln cathedral. Style — Early English, ornamented with shafts, having stiff-leafed capitals, and the panels ornamented with quatrefoils. 1253. Brompton church, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire, consecrated by Brendon, bishop of Ardfert, acting for Boger de Weseham, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. The date* was recorded in an inscription existing on the walls of the church itself in 1787, as Pegge (Sylloge, p. 67.) states, but since destroyed or defaced. There are still parts remaining of this date. 1254 — 1260. The monument of bishop Hugh de Northwold in the south aisle of Ely cathedral. Bentham's Hist, of Ely Cath.> p. 148. PI. XV. Style— Early English, very rich : the pillars were composed of interlacing foliage in scroll work, intermixed with heads of ecclesiastics and birds. For an engraving of the effigy, see Stothard's Monumental Effigies, PI. 34. 1255—1270. The chapter-house of York cathedral, supposed to have been begun by archbishop Walter Gray. Britton's Hist. oftheCath. of York, p. 32. Style— llich Early English, late in the style ; with foliated circles in the heads of the windows. Tracery of the Roof, vol. iii. PI. 36. • In Pegge's Sylloge the year men- bishop of Lichfield and Coventry till tioned is 1 1 53, but it must be a misprint, 1245, and had that see until 1256. ai Roger de Weseliam was not consecrated I HENRY III. 93 1255 — 1260. The monument of archbishop Walter Gray in York cathedral. Style— Rich Early English. For engravings of it, see Britton's York Cathedral, Plates xvii. and xxxv . 1255 — 1270. The chapter-house of Salisbury cathedral. Style — Early English, but late in the style. Ground-plan, vol. iii. PI. 20. Bracket, vol iii. PI. 12. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 2. Capitals, vol. iii. PI. 16. Boss, vol. iii. PI. 10. Corbel-table, vol. iii. PI. 23. Tiles, vol. ii. Plates 135, 136. Corbel in th« Chapter- houie. 1257. The monument of four children of Henry III. in Westminster abbey. The order for its construction was given by king Henry this year, but it was not probably finished and erected till two or three years afterwards. Gough's Sepulchral Mo- numents, vol. i. p. 49, PI. xviii. Style — Early English. The recess has an obtusely pointed arch, with a pointed trefoil arch within, and under this a segmental arch. The tomb itself is covered with mosaic work. 1257. The portal or porch on the front of the southern tran- sept of Notre Dame at Paris, built from the design and under the direction of Jean de Chelles. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 404 ; Winkles's French Cathedrals, p. 36, and Daly, Revue de I'Architecture, vol. i. col. 194. Style — Early Pointed, with foliated circles in the head. For engravings, see " Moyen Age Monumental ." 1259. Tonbridge castle in Kent. Richard de Clare, earl of Gloucester, in 44 Henry III., obtained license to embattle his mansion at Tonbridge. Hasted's History of Kent, vol. ii. PI. 325. The gateway is fine Early English, late in the style. 1259. The Franciscan nunnery of St. Cloud, in the diocess of Paris, founded by Isabelle, sister to Louis IX. king of France. Guill. de Nangiaco Chron., t. i. p. 219. 1261. The Bergen tower, at Cologne, erected by archbishop Engelbert II., named Eyle. The upper part, judging by its profiles, belongs to a much later period, per- haps about the 14th century. De Lassaulx's Notes, etc., p. 222. 94 HENRY III. J 1262 — 1317. The church of St. Catherine at Oppenheim, near Worms, in Germany, built at this period, according to a MS. chronicle quoted and referred to by Moller, Memorials of German-Gothic Architecture, transl. by Leeds, p. 65. Style — A very fine example of Early Decorated, with geometrical tracery. For engravings, see Holler's Denkmaler der Deutschen Baukunst, Plates xxxi. to xxxvii. incl. 1263. The monument of bishop Giles de Bridport in Salisbury cathedral. Dodsworth's Historical Account of Salisbury Cath., p. 215. PI. iv., and Britton's Hist, of the same Cath., p. 95. PI. xxvi. Style— Early English. Finial, vol. iii. PI. 33. 1263 — 1278. The collegiate church of Wimpten-en-Val, near Heidelberg, in Germany, built by a French architect, according to a contemporary chronicle quoted by M. Dusommerard in his work, " Les Arts au Moyen Age, Architecture,'^ chap. v. p. 39. 1268. The monument of bishop Peter de Aquablanca in the north transept of Hereford cathedral. Godwin, Catal. of the Engl. Bishops, p. 376 ; and Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, pp. 33 and 56. Style — Early English. The canopy is very rich, with foliated circles. 1270 — 1290. St. Alban's abbey church : the western arches of the nave, with its south aisle, the north aisle and the west porch, are of this period. Carter's Account of the Abbey Church of St. Alban, p. 2. Style — Transition from Early English to Decorated. Base, vol. ii. PI. 14. Window, vol. ii. PI. 156. 1272. The abbey of "Notre-Dame-De-la- Garde,'' called " De la Guiche," near Coullanges, in France (department de Loir et Cher), founded by John de Chatillon, count of Blois. Bulletin Monumental, vol. xi. p. 241. 1272. The cathedral of Limoges, in France, commenced by Elias de Malamort, dean of the same. Gall. Christ., torn. ii. col. 545. 1272. The Lady-chapel, on the north side of the choir, in Peterborough cathedral, built by prior William Paris. Winkles's Cathedrals of England, vol. ii. p. 70. Only two arches and windows belonging to it remain. Style— Early English, rather late: the windows have foliated circles. EDWARD I. 95 THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF ABOUT THE END OF THE REIGN OF HENRY III. The remains of the so called Ducal Palace at Caen, in Nor- mandy, which was most probably nothing more than a portion of the monastery of St. Stephen, intended for the accommoda- tion of royal and other distinguished guests. They offer some valuable specimens of domestic work. Style — Early French. For CDgravings, see Pugin and Cotman. Arcades, Beverley minster, vol. iii. PI. 2, and Stone church, Kent, vol. ii. PI. 6. Fireplaces and chimney, Aydon castle, Northumberland, vol. ii. Plates 64, 55, and 32. Pulpit, Beaulieu, Hants, vol. ii. PI. 119. HEAD OF EDWARIJ I. Fruai l>ia coins KLE.VNOR OF CASTILE, her monument, Weitminiter abbey. ARMS OF QUEEN ELEANOR. 1272—1307. Edward I. 1273. St. Mary's church at Waterperry, in Oxfordshire, con- secrated by Reginald, bishop of Cloyne in Ireland, acting for Richard Gravesend, bishop of Lincoln. Oseney Regist. MS. in the chapter-house of Christ Church, Oxford, f. 120, and Guide to Archit. Antiq. in the Neighbourhood of Oxford, part iii. p. 258. Style — Part of this church is in the transition from Early English to Deco- rated : the north windows have foliated circles and trefoils in the head. 1273—1278. Norwich cathedral and monastery, which had been set on fire and partly destroyed by the riotous citizens in 1272, were restored and re-edified by bishop Roger de Skerning, who died in January, 1278; and the works being completed, the cathedral was, in the same year (1278), re-consecrated by his 96 EDWARD I. successor William do Middleton, in the presence of king Edward I., and many of his nobles. Matth. Paris. Hist., p. 679 ; Annal. Norw. Angl. Sacr., torn. i. p. 401 ; and Monasticon, vol. iv. pp. 2,4,5. The part of the cathedral which appears to have been built at this time, is the vaulting, the walls being still the original Noi-man work. St. Ethelbert's gate- house is also of this period, and a very interesting specimen of the style of Edward I. The walls are ornamented with stone panelling in geometrical forms, and the interstices filled with cut flints ; which has a very good and striking effect. This fashion prevailed in the east of England, and is occasionally met with in some other parts. Cross on Gable, vol. iii. PI. 27. Window, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1275 — 1290. The north transept, the chapter-house, and part of the cloisters of Hereford cathedral, built. Britton's Hist, of Hereford Cath., p. 41, Plates xi., xii. Style — Eich Early English, with foliated circles in the heads of the windows. 1275—1290. The church of Stoke-Golding, or Goldingham, in Leicestershire, built. The following inscription on a table set within the wall in the north aisle, records the names of the founders *. robert . de campania mil . et margareta vxor eivs riLIA ROGERI DE STOKE MILITIS TYNDAVERVT HANG ECCLESIA IN HONORB S. MARGARETE VIRGINIS TEMp'e ED. I. This Robert de Champeigne is mentioned as Avitness to a charter of Edward I., dated tertio die Decemhris anno regni Regis Edwardi Jilii Regis Henrici tertii, i. e. 1275 (Monasticon, vol. vi. 216, 217); and Margaret de Campania, his wife, is recorded (ibid. p. 822) as having, about the same time, given to the Knights Templars elemosinam in Huningham (Warwickshire) xii. d : which renders very improbable Mr. Burton's assertion that they were living in the 10th of Edward III., viz., 62 years afterwards. For architectural particulars and engravings, see T. L. Walker^s Account of this Church in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. 1275—1291. The monument of king Henry III. in West- minster abbey. See Gough's Sepulchral Monum., p. 57, plates xx. to xxii. By comparing the style of this monument, and particularly of the effigy, with that of the monument and effigy of Eleanor, queen of Edward I., which authentic documents, lately brought to light, have proved to be the work of Master William Torel, probably an Italian, it may be fairly inferred that they are both by the same artist. It is, however, clear that it was not the work of Pietro Cavallini as generally believed, for at the time it was finished, that artist * From Pegge's Syllogc, p. 35. EDWARD I. y? could not have been more than twelve years old. Cavallini died, aged 85, in 1364. See T. H. Turner's Introduction to the "Manners and Household Expenses of England the 13th and 15th centuries," pp. Ixxxi. and Ixxxii. Round the verge of the altar-tomb is an inscription in French, embossed in beautiful Saxon characters ; of which the following three lines are a specimen. 1275 — 1327. The transept and choir of the abbey church of Bee, in Normandy, which had been so damaged by tlie fall of tlie great tower, that " totura presbyterium in circuito opportuit radicitus evellere usque ad fundamenta," were anew begun, in 1275, on a larger scale, by abbot Peter de Camba, under the direction of Robert de Fonte, and completed by his successors in 1327. Chron. Beccense, pp. 219, 222, and Neustria Pia, pp. 464, 466. This church, of which Ducarel, who saw it in its perfection, says that it was one of the finest gothic structures in France, is now entirely destroyed with the exception of a few ruined arches of the east end, one of the side chapels, and the tower, which appears, however, to be not earlier than the beginning of the 17th century. For an account of the remains of the conventual building, see Dawson Turner's Tour in Normandy, vol. ii. p. 106. 1276, vel circa. The present cathedral of Rodez, in France, begun by bishop Raymond de Calmon, but carried on slowly through the three following centuries, and never entirely finished. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, pp. 236, 237. 1277. The choir of Merton College chapel, Oxford, built by "Walter de Merton, the founder of the college. Archaeological Journal, vol. ii. p. 137. 98 EDWARD I. Style — Early Decorated : the heads of the windows are filled with geome- trical tracery. Abacus, vol. ii. PI. 1. Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 86. Corbel, vol. ii. PI. 35. Mullion, vol. ii. PI. 93. Cross on Gable, vol. iii. PI. 27. String-course, vol. ii. PI. 86. Window, vol. ii. PI. 154. 1277 — 1439. The west front and the tower of Strasburg cathedral, begun from the design of Erwin of Steinbach, who directed the works till the year 1318, in which he died. They were then continued for twenty years more by his son John ; but the tower was not completed until 1439 by John Hultz of Cologne, who erected the spire. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, pp. 211, 212, and Daly, Revue de T Architecture, vol. i. col. 195. Style — Decorated, and the later parts Flamboyant. 1278. The cemetery, or Campo Santo at Pisa, in Tuscany, built from the design and under the direction of Giovanni Pisano, as appears by the following inscription placed on the right side of the principal entrance : Anno Domini mcclxxviii. Tempore Domini Federigi Archiepiscopi Pisani : Domini Terlati Potestatis : Operario Orlando Sardella : Johanne Magistro cedi- ficante. Rosini, Carapo-Santo di Pisa, and Grassi, Descrizione Storica e Artistica di Pisa, part ii. p. 111. Style — Decorated, with geometrical traceiy ; the arches segmental. 1278. The first stone laid of the church of Santa Maria No- vella, at Florence, which was built from the design of Era Sisto da Firenze, and Fra Ristoro da Campi, two Dominican friars. Gio. Villani, Cron, lib. vii. cap. 6, and Marchese, Memorie de' piu insigni Pittori, Scultori e Architetti Domenicani, vol. i. p. 51. 1278—1328. The cathedral (Sainte Croix) of Orleans, in France, rebuilt. Monographic de Sainte Croix, pp. 16 — 20, and Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, pp. 308, 309. The only remaining parts of this period are the chapels of the apse, and the side doorway called " Porte-de-rEveque." 1279—1291. The transept and part of the choir of Exeter EDWARD I. 99 cathedral, built by bishop Peter Quivil. Monasticon, vol. ii. pp. 516, 517, and Britton's History of Exeter Cathedral, pp. 30, 87, 88 and 89. Style — Decorated, with geometrical tracery in the windows. Corbel-head* in the Transept of Exeter Cathedral. 1280 — 1293. Acton Burnell castle, in Shropshire, said to have been built by Robert Burnell, bishop of Bath and Wells. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 299. Style — Transition from Early English to Decorated : a good specimen of the fortified mansions of that period. 1280—1308. The choir and nave of St. Peter at Caen, in Normandy, built. Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 63. Style — Early Pointed, but rather late in the style, and richly ornamented : the windows are Decorated. Window, vol. ii. PI. 160. For other engravings see Cotman and Pugin. 1280, vel circa, Kemble church, in Wiltshire. William de Colerne, abbot of Malmsbury, "ecclesiam circumquaque fecit emendari, et cancellum ejusdem cum gabulo fecit de novo con- strui. Fecit etiam cancellum de Credewelle ex toto renovari.'^ Acts of William de Colerne, abbot of Malmsbury, MS. penes Sir Thomas Phillipps, bart. Style — The chancel is modern, but there is a good deal of Early English work in this church ; the porch is a good specimen of this style, having deep mouldings, shafts detached, and a niche with a projecting trefoil canopy. 1280 — 1300, vel circa. Dorchester church, in Oxfordshire. The precise date of the erection of this fine church is not known, but its style of architecture, the armorial bearings painted in the windows, and the form of their shields, shew that it must have been about this period. Amongst the arms are those of king Edward I. and queen Eleanor ; of Edmund earl 100 EDWARD I. of Cornwall, the earl of Lancaster, and most of the principal barons of that time. For particulars, see the " Account of the Abbey Church of St. Peter and St. Paul at Dorchester, Oxfordshire," lately published by the Oxford Archi- tectural Society. Style — Transition from Early English to Decorated. 1281. Allington castle, Kent. Hasted in his History of Kent, vol. ii. p. 182, says, that this year sir Stephen de Penchester " obtained the king's license to erect a castle here, and to fortify and embattle it." Parts of it are good Early English work. 1282. The cathedral of Albi, in France, begun by bishop Bernard de Castanet, but not consecrated until 1480. Bourasse, Cathedrales de Fiance, p. 46. 1283. The Augustine college, called of the Bonhommes, at Ashridge, in Buckinghamshire, founded by prince Edmund, son of Richard, king of the Romans. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 514, and Tanner's Notitia Monast., p. 18. 1284. The Great Moristan (Hospital) of Mansour at Cairo, Egypt, built by Melec-el-Mansour-Kalaoun. Coste, Archit. Arabe, p. 36, Plates xv. to. xx. incl. 1285. The choir of the cathedral of Aix, in Provence, France, built. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 373. 1287. The monument of Thomas de Cantilupe, bishop of Hereford, erected in the north transept of his cathedral. This bishop died in August, 1282. Britton's Hist, of Hereford Cathedral, p. 18. PI. XV., and Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. ii. Introd., pp. clxxxviii. and clxxxix., and PI. viii. Style — Veiy rich Early English, with trefoil arcades. 1287. The cathedral of Upsal, in Sweden, begun. Estienne de Bonneuil set out from Paris in this year, accompanied by ten master masons and ten apprentices, to build it, as appears from the Registers of the Prevote of Paris, quoted by D'Agincourt, Hist, de I'Art, torn. i. p. 74. The cathedral of Upsal is built on a plan similar to that of Notre Dame at Paris, in the construction of which Stephen de Bonneuil was probably em- ployed under Eudes de Montreuil. Style—Early Decorated. EDWARD I. 101 X288 — 1304. The Lady-cliapel in Chichester cathedral, built by bishop Gilbert de Sancto Leofardo. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 387, and Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1162. This chapel is now the library of the dean and chapter. 1289 — 1337. Higham-Ferrars church, in Northamptonshire, built by Laurence de Sancto Mauro (St. Maur). Cole's History of Higbam Ferrars. Doorway, vol. iii. PI. 32. 1290. Haselden abbey-barn, in the parish of Rodmarton, Gloucestershire, built, as appears by the following inscription on the east porch of it: — anno dni : co^cc^xc" : I^cnrici : ABAtIS : XIX° : FUIC : IStUM : CONSCRUCt. Heselden was a grange belonging, at this date, to Kingswood abbey in Wiltshire. Monasticon, vol. v. p. 1291 — 1294. The monument of queen Eleanor, wife of Ed- ward I., in Westminster abbey. The statue is the work of master William Torel, and probably the design also of the whole monument. The marble work was executed by Richard de Crundale. Manners and Household Expenses of England in the 13th and 15th centuries, pp. 97 — 120. Mr. T. Hudson Turner, in his Introduction to the work above quoted, p. Ixxxii., speaking of Torel, says: " It is not impossible that he may have been identical with master William the Florentine painter, who, as we have already seen, was employed by Henry the Third, towards the latter end of his reign." William the Florentine, about the same period, filled the post of master of the works at Guildford. Style — Early Decorated, with geometrical tracery, pyramidal canopies with bold crockets, trefoiled arches, &c. For engravings, see Blore's Monumental Remains, and Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. i. 1291 — 1294. Queen Eleanor monumental crosses. From the accounts of the executors of queen Eleanor, printed, from the original MS., in 1841, for the Koxburge Club, by Beriah Botfield, Esq., it appears that the whole of these celebrated crosses were executed and erected between these two dates. They were nine in number, viz., at Lincoln, Nor- thampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St. Alban's, Waltham, Cheap and Charing in London. That of Geddington, which has been generally con- 102 EDWARD 1. sidered as one of them, is not recorded in the roll. Of the nine therein men- tioned the two following only are now standing. The Eleanor cross at Northampton, which is the work of John de Bello, alias " de la Bataille/' probably a Frenchman. The images, however, were executed by William of Ireland (de Hibemia). Manners and Household Expenses of England in the 13th and I5th centuries, pp. 100, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 120, 122, &c. The Eleanor cross at Waltham ; the joint work of Dymenge (Dominic) de Leger or Legeri de B/heims, Roger de Crundale, and Alexander Le Imagineur, elsewhere called Alexander of Abingdon. Ibid., pp. 104, 109, 111—118, and 120. 1291—1318. The building of the choir of Exeter cathedral continued by bishop Thomas de Button, and finished by bishop Walter de Stapeldon. The windows were glazed between the year 1317 and 1320. Monasticon, vol. ii. pp. 516, 517; and Britton's Hist, of Exeter Cath., pp. 87, 92. Style — Decorated, with tracery ramified, but early. 1291—1360. The nave of York cathedral, built. It was commenced by archbishop John le Bomain, and finished in the time of archbishop John de Thoresby. Th. Stubbs, Chron. Pontif. Eborac, and Browne's Hist, of the Edifice of the Metropolit. Ch. of York, pp. 110 and 135. Style — Early Decorated : the windows have geometrical tracery. Abacus, vol. ii. PI. 1. Bosses, vol. iii. PI. 10. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 6. Crockets, vol. iii. PI. 24. Doorway, vol. iii. PI. 32. 1292. The monument of archbishop John Peckham, in Canter- bury cathedral. See Britton's Hist, of Canterbury Cath., p. QQ. PI. xviii. ; and fibre's MonumentJil Remains. Style— Early Decorated, of geometrical character, with the four-leaved flower in the mouldings. 1292—1298. St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster. The foun- dation was laid in 1292, and the work continued until 1298, as EDWARD I. 103 appears from the Comptroller's Rolls of Payments. The crypt belongs to this period. Style — Good Early Decorated. For engravings, see Mackenzie's Account of St. Stephen's Chapel, West- minster; royal folio, 1844. 1293—1302. The chapter-house of Wells cathedral built in the time of bishop William de la Marche. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 300 ; and Britton's Hist, of Wells Cath., p. 37. Style — Early Decorated ; the windows have geometrical tracery : the ball- flower ornament is much used in the mouldings. Bases, vol. iii. PI. 9. Brackets, vol. iii. PI. 12. Tracery, vol. iii. PI. 35. 1294. The merchants' hall, called " il Palazzo della Mer- canzia," at Bologna, in Italy, built. D'Agincourt, Hist, de I'Art torn. i. PI. Ixxiii. 1294—1327. The castle of Heidelberg, in Germany, built. Bulletin Monumental, vol. x. p. 262. 1296. The monument of Robert de Vere, fifth earl of Oxford, in EarFs Colne church, Essex. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Decorated : its sides are richly ornamented with sculptured figures in niches, and it is surmounted by a cornice and battlement. 1296. The monument of Edmund Crouchback, earl of Lancas- ter, in Westminster abbey. Brayley's Hist, of Westminst. Abbey, vol. ii. p. 276, PI. XV. ; Stothard's Monumental Effigies, and Blore's Monum. Remains. Style — Early Decorated, with very bold and good pyramidal canopies with crockets, and foliated arches. 1296—1336. The church of "La Madonna della Scala'' at Messina, built by Frederick of Arragon, king of Sicily. Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, p. 126. " This building in no wise resembles the 14th century buildings of France and England. It has no deep mouldings, and, in all its ornaments and acces- sories, the Greek touch, and the Greek character are conspicuous." 1297 — 1430. The cloisters of Norwich cathedral were com- menced in 1297 by bishop Ralph de Walpole (as recorded in an inscription on a stone fixed in the wall) under the direction of 104 EDWARD I. Richard de Uppenhall ; and completed in the time of bishop William Alnwyk in 1430. Biitton's Hist, of the Cath. of Norwich, pp. 24, 25, 38 ; and Winkles' Cathedrals of England, vol. ii. p. 83. The earliest windows are decorated with geometrical tracery. Capital, vol. iii. PI. 16. Finial, vol. iii. PI. 33. Tracery, vol. iii. PI. 35. 1298. The cathedral, or "Duomo/^ of Florence, Italy, com- menced from the design and under the direction of Arnolfo di Cambio da Colle, as recorded in the following inscription on stone, which is still there. fU ANNIS . MILLENIS . CENTV BIS . OTTO . NOGENIS VENIT . LEGATVS . ROMA . BONITATE . DOTATVS QVI . LAPIDE . FIXIT . FVNDO . SIMYL . t BNDIXIT PRESVLE . FRANCISCO . GESTANTI . PONTIFICATV ISTVD . AB ARNVLFO . TEPLV . FVIT . EDIFICATVM HOC OPUS . INSIGNE . DECORANS . FLORETIA . DIGNE. REGINE . CELI . CONSTRVXIT . MENTE . FIDELI QVA TV . VIRGO PIA . SEMp . DEFENDB . MARIA. 1300, vel circa. The Lady-chapel in Lichfield cathedral, founded by bishop Walter de Langton, who, dying in 1321, before it was finished, bequeathed a sum of money for its completion. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 262 ; and Britton's Hist, of Lichfield Cathedral, pp. 28 and 63. Bishop de Langton constructed also the vaulted roof of the transept of the same cathedral. Style — Decorated. Arcade, vol. ii. PI. 6. Doorway, vol. iii. PI. 32. 1302—1320. The chapel of the " Sainte-Vierge,'' in Rouen cathedral, rebuilt. Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, pp. 29, 30. Style — Early Decorated : the windows have geometrical tracery. 1303. The gate-house to the abbey, now to the bishop's palace, of Peterborough, built by abbot Godfrey de Croyland. Monas- ticon, vol. i. p. 358. Style — Decorated, hut rather early in the style. The mouldings of several windows in the cathedral correspond exactly with those of this gate. Turret, vol. ii. PI. 141. 1304 — 1305. In Canterbury cathedral the following works were done, under prior Henry de Eastry. " Reparatio totius EDWARD I. 105 chori, cum tribus novis ostiis, et novo pulpito, et reparatio capituli^ cum duobus novis gabulis. MS. Cotton, Galba, E. iv. fol. 103. For particulars about these works, see Willis's Architectural Hist, of Canterbury Cath., chap, vi., and Britton's Hist, of Canterbury Cath., pp. 38, 51. The organ screen also is of this date, but cased with later work on the west side. Arcade, vol. iii. PI. 2. Bases, vol. iii. PI. 8. Style — These works of prior de Eastry are pure Decorated ; the window has geometrical tracery. Part of Ute Screen or the Choir, Canurbury Cathedral. 1305 — 1336. The southern transept of Chichester cathedral, lengthened and partly rebuilt by bishop John de Langton. Monasticon, vol. vi, p. 1162. Godwin (Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 387.) says that he also "builded a costly window in the south part of the church." Style — This window of seven lights is fine Decorated, with geometrical tracery. 1306, vel circa. The upper part of the south end of the great transept of Lincoln cathedral, built. Monasticon, vol, vi. p. 1268. Style — The line circular window has Decorated tracery. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OF KING EDWARD I. Tower and spire of St. Mary's church, Oxford. See vol. ii. PI. 38. Cornice, vol, ii. PI. 38. Parapet, vol. ii. PI. 97. Mullion, vol. ii. PI. 93. Pinnacle, vol. ii. PI. 110. Window, vol. ii. 164. Chimney, Sherborne abbey, Dorsetshire, vol. ii, PI. 32. Cross, St. Mary's church, Gloucester, vol. iii. PI, 27. 10(i EDWARD II. Dripstone Termination, Headington church, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 52. Mouldings, Magdalene church, Oxford (from the arch of the original east window of the chancel, lately destroyed); and Dunchurch, Warwickshire, vol. ii. PI. 86 ; Bloxham church, Oxfordshire ; and Southwell minster, Not- tinghamshire, vol. ii. PI. 88. Screen, Northfleet church, Kent, vol. ii. PI. 127. Windows, Stanton St. John's church, Oxon, vol. ii. PI. 153 ; Broughton church, Oxon, vol. ii. PI. 154; Dunchurch, Warwickshire, vol. ii. PI. 155; Bishop of Winchester's palace, Southwark ; and St. Nicholas's church, Guild- ford, vol. iii. PI. 39. HEAD OF EDWARD II. From his monument in Gloucester Cathedral. 1307—1326. Edward II. 1307. The abbey of Torigny, in Normandy, founded by Robert Fabre, archdeacon of Avranches. Neustria Pia, p. 914. 1307—1380. The '' Palazzo dei Tribunal!" at Palermo, begun for his own private habitation by Manfred di Chiaramonte, count of Modica, in 1307; but not completed till the year 1380. Gaily Knight's Normans in Sicily, pp. 295, 296. " This building is on an immense scale. It is a lofty, square pile, built round a large court. The windows are large, pointed, and divided into two, and three, compartments, by slender pillars. The arches of the windows are plain, with two sinkings, but no mouldings. The space between the arch and the windows itself is decorated with Saracenesque patterns in red and black stone." 1308. The monument of king Sebert in Westminster abbey. " In 1308 the monks of Westminster again took up the bodies of Sebert and Ethelgoda, and re-inclosing them in leaden coffins, with great ceremony and devotion, deposited them within their present tomb, then lately prepared for their reception. At the time of this removal, as Walsingham tells us, the right ami of king Sebert was found perfect." A part of this monument is engraved in Schnebbelie's Antiquary's Museum. Style — Early Decorated. EDWARD II. 107 1308. The present choir and presbytery of the cathedral of Lucca, Italy, built. Memorie per seivire all'Ist. Lucchese, torn. viii. p. 12. 1308. The cloister of St. Matthew at Genoa, Italy, built, as appears from the following inscription on the abacus of the capital of one of its columns. " a . d . m . ccc . viii . kl . aprilis ." De Caumont, Hist, de I'Architect. Relig., p. 426. 1308. The tower and spire of the church of St. Peter at Caen, in Normandy, built under the direction of Nicollc Langlois, a burgher of Caen, and treasurer of the church. De Caumont, Hist, de I'Architect. Relig., p. 423 ; Dawson Turner's Tour in Normandy, vol. ii. pp. 178, 179 ; and Gaily Knight's Tour in the same province, pp. 63, 64. • Style — Fine Decorated ; the tower is covered with long narrow panels, some of which are open, forming a sort of lancet window, divided by transoms ; the spire is perforated with quatrefoils. Both these features are common in Nor- mandy, but not in England. 1308 — 1326. The Lady-chapel in St. Alban's abbey church (now converted into a school) built by abbot Hugh de Eversden. Carter's Account of the Abbey Church of St. Alban, p. 2. Style — Decorated, with flowing tracery. Abacus, vol. i. PI. 1. Window, vol. ii. PI. 166. 1310. The vestry of Merton college chapel, Oxford. The bursar's rolls of the col- lege prove that the vestry was building in this year. See the Archaeological Journal, vol. ii. p. 141. Style — Decorated, with flow- ing tracery. The mouldings of the windows of this building are precisely the same as those of the chapel itself, although it is evidently an addition, being built against the original but- tresses. Window of the Ve»try, Merton College, Oxfoid. 108 EDWARD II. 1310 — 1325. St. John's chapel, now the school-house, at Norwich, built by John Salmon, bishop of Norwich. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 348 ; and Britton's Hist, of Norwich Cath., p. 39. Capital, vol. iii. PI. 10. Doorway, vol. iii. PI. 31. 1311. The church of Notre Dame at Huy, in Belgium, com- menced. Delvaux, Dictionn. Geog. et Statist, de la Prov. de Liege, p. 123. Mentioning this church, M. de Caumont says : " J' ignore la date de cette eglise fort elegante et tres elevee, dont le style annonce le xiv*. siecle." Hist, de I'Architecture Relig., p. 428. Style — A fine example of the Decorated in Belgium. 1311 — 1332. The abbey church, now the cathedral, of Bris- tol, or more strictly, the greater part of it, built by abbot Edmund Knowle. "During his (abbot Knowle's) government he built the church, which is now standing, from the ground, with the vestry, etc., and furthermore procured of the king a confirmation of all the possessions of the monastery, dated 10 Edw. II." Abbot Newland's Roll ; Willis's Mitred Abbeys, vol. i. p. 227 ; and Britton's Hist, of Bristol Cath., p. 48. Style — The choir, its aisles, the chancel and the vestry, evidently of this date, are good and rich Decorated work. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 4. Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 16. 1313. The collegiate church of Ecouis, in Normandy, built by Enguerrand de Marigni, lord treasurer of France under Philip le Bel, was in this year dedicated. Guill. de Nangiaco Chron. ; and Dawson Turner's Tour in Normandy, vol. ii. pp. 64 — 66. 1315, vel circa. Meopham church, in Kent, built by Simon de Mcophara, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. It was re- paired by archbishop William de Courtney between 1381 and 1396. Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. iv. pp. 716, 724. « Style — Part early Decorated ; hut a great part is Perpendicular. EDWARD II. 109 1317. The chapel of All Saints in the cathedral of Mayence, Germany, built by archbishop Peter von Stein. Moller's Memorial of German Gothic Archit., transl. by Leeds, p. 72. Style — Early Decorated, with geometrical tracery. See details of the window in Moller's Denkmaler der Deutschen Baukunst, PI. xliv. 1317 — 1327. The vaulting of the north aisle of the nave of Worcester cathedral, built by bishop Thomas Cobham. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 365 ; and Monasticon, vol. i. p. 575. 1318 — 1329. The south aisle of the nave of Gloucester cathe- dral, said to have been built by abbot John Thokey. Carter's Account of the Cath. of Gloucester, pp. 4, 6 ; and Britton's Hist, of the same, p. 20. Style — Decorated : tracery ramified ; the mouldings very rich, covered with the ball-flower ornament. Buttress, vol. iii. PI. 13. Rib, vol. ii. PI. 121- 1318—1337. The aisle or chapel on the south side of St. Mary Magdalene church, Oxford, built between these dates. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford. Style — Decorated ; the windows have flowing tracery ; the parapet is open in wavy lines, the buttresses have niches in the face, with elegant crockets and finials ; the east window has a ram's head in the centre of the tracery. Buttress, vol. ii. PI. 23. Parapet, vol. iii. PI. 97. Font, vol. ii. PI. 59. Window, vol. ii. PI. 157. 1319—1514. The church of St. Ouen at Rouen, in Nor- mandy, was begun by abbot John Marcdargent ; carried on by his successors, but not brought to its present state till 1514. Neustria Pia, p. 35 ; and Dawson Turaer's Tour in Normandy, pp. 169 — 179. Style — Decorated, with Flamboyant additions. "In the pointed style, Rouen may boast of the possession of one of the most perfect specimens that exist. I know of nothing which, in beauty or in taste, excels the church of St. Ouen. It is the very triumph of the pointed style." Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 24. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 4. Window, vol. i. p. 165. 1320, vel circa. The aisle, or chapel, on the south side of 10 EDWARD II. St. Aldate's church, Oxford, built by John Dock- lington, fishmonger, and several times mayor of that city. Wood's Hist, of the City of Oxford, by Peshall, p. 146. This corresponds with the south aisle of Magdalene church (see the year 1318). The two heads (vol. ii. PL 19.), used as brackets, are supposed to represent Edward II. and his queen. Style — Decorated, with flowing tracery. St. Aldute'k, Oxford 1320 — 1352. St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster; repairs, alterations, and additions made between these dates. Mackenzie's Account of St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, p. 3. Style — Decorated, very fine and rich work. M wXvh m :S MOULDiNGS, ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTEK. Wo are indebted to Mr. Maokenzio for the foregoing sections of mouldings. 1321—1349. The Lady-chapel of Ely cathedral, built. It was begun under bishop John Hotham, and finished during EDWARD II. Ill the episcopate of Simon de Montacute. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 464. Style — Very fine Decorated. 1323—1336. The old tower of Ely cathedral having, in 1322, fallen down, with great injury to the choir under it, bishop John Hotliam, from the design of Alan de Walsingham, sacrist, and afterwards prior of Ely, raised upon its site the octagon tower which still exists, called the Lantern. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 212; and Bentham's Hist, of Ely, p. 221. Style — Decorated. 1324. The abbey church of Ardennes, near Caen, in Nor- mandy. This year, August 9, died John le Blond, abbot of Ardennes, '^qui templi ccepit restaurationem." The works were therefore commenced some years before. John le Blond was elected abbot in 1297. Neustria Pia, p. 707; and DeCaumont, Hist, de I'Architect. Relig., p. 424. Parapet, vol. ii. PI. 98. Style — Part Decorated and part Flamboyant. 1324. The foundation laid of the cathedral of Perpignan in France, as appears from two inscriptions placed on two different stones at the end of the nave. This edifice, however, was not completed till the middle of the 16th century. Bourasse, Cathe- drales de France, p. 229. 1324. The cathedral of Limoges, in France, greatly improved by its bishop Peter the second. Gall. Christ., torn. ii. col. 532. 1324. The monument of Aymer de Valence, earl of Pem- broke, in Westminster abbey. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Decorated, with rich pyramidal canopy and pinnacles. 1325. The foundation laid of a new Lady-chapel in Dunstaple church. ^'A.D. 1324, prostravimus veterem capellam beatae Marise (quia ruinosa erat), per priorem Ricardum hujus ecclesige quartum fundatam (he died in 1242), et a fundamentis repara- vimus illam; et primum lapidem posuimus in crastino sancti Barnabse apostoli proximo sequent!.'' Annal. de Dunstaple, and Mo- nasticon, vol. vi. p. 242. 112 EDWARD II 1326. The dovecote at Garway, in the county of Hereford, formerly an ap- pendage of the preceptory of Garway, belonging to the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. On a stone, over the doorway, form- ing the tympanum of it, is the following inscription in old English letters, which gives the date of its erection : — ^J* a . dn i . MCCCXXVI FACT FVIT I COLVB'AR P . . PRE* RICJT — ArchsBologia, vol. xxxi. pp. 190 — 197, Plates i. and ii. This building is circular, 17 feet 3 inches in diameter in the clear of the wall, and 16 feet in height from the floor to the springing of the vault, which rises 3 feet 7 inches. Lord Southwell is its present owner. Kxtei'ior of the Dovecote, Garivay. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OP EDWARD II. Chancel of Grantham church, Lincolnshire. Basement, vol. ii. PI. 86. Cornice, vol. ii. PL 38. Basement, Leadenham church, Herefordshire, vol. ii. PI. 86. Buttresses, Beverley minster, Yorkshire, and Louth church, Lincolnshire, vol. iii. PI. 13; Caythorpe church, Lincolnshire, vol. ii. PI. 25. Capital, Norwich school-house, vol. iii. PI. 16. Finial, Lavenham church, Sussex, vol. iii. PI. 33. Fire-place, Edlingham castle, Northumberland, vol. ii. PI. 55. Gable, George inn, Salisbury, vol. ii. PI. 62. Hip-knob, Northborough, Northamptonshire, vol. ii. PI. 66. String-course, Sedgebarrow, Worcestershire, vol. ii. PI. 86. Market cross, Salisbury, vol. iii. PI. xxvi. Mouldings, chapel, Southwark, and Witney church, Oxon., vol. ii. PI. 86. Mullions, Oxford cathedral, and Tewkesbury church, vol. ii. PI. 93. Windows, Kidlington church, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 155 ; Bloxham church, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 156; Little St. Mary's church, Cambridge, vol. ii. PI. 157; and Berkeley church, Gloucestershire, vol. ii. PI. 163. EDWARD III 113 UKADS Of hliWAMU 111. AND QUEEN PUILIPPA. From their monutnenU in Wolininnter Abbey. EDWARD THE BLACK Pr.iNCE From Canteiliiirjr Cathedra ARMS or EDWAKD 111. 1327—1377. Edward HI. 1327 — 1330. The monument of bishop Walter de Stapeldon, or Stapleton, in the north side of the choir of Exeter cathedral. See Britton's Hist, of this Cath., p. 134. PI. xvii. b.' Style — Decorated. 1329—1334. The monument of king Edward II. in Glou- cester cathedral. Carter's Account of the Cath. of Gloucester, p. 8. Plates xvi. and xvii. Style — Decorated, with a very rich, light and elegant canopy. 1330. The palace of Matthew count of Sclafano and Aderuo, now the " Ospedale Grande/' at Palermo, built and finished in the course of a single year, as recorded by the following inscription : Felix Matthaeus Sclafanus niemoria dignus Fabricam hanc fecit nobilem pius benignus ; Ut ne mireris modico tam tempore factam Vix annus fluxerat quam cernis ita peractani. " This edifice is on a still larger scale than the Chiaramonte palace (see the year 1307). It is an enormous pile to have been raised, in any country, in any age, within so short a space of time. The general plan is the same as the above mentioned — a square building round a court, with arcades and open galleries above. On the outside the fabric is plain below, l»ut ornamented Q 114 EDWARD III. ahuve witb a series of large interlacing arches. The windows are pointed, and divided by a single pillar." aally Knight'ti Normans in Sicily, p. 297, and Illustrations, Plate 25. It was converted into a public hospital in 1432. 1330. The abbey church of St. Bertiri at St. Omer, France, begun, but not finished till 1520. The only remaining part of it is the tower, built in the 15th century (1430 — 1461). Suckling's Notes on the Architecture in and about St. Omer, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. p. 7. 1331. The monument of sir James Douglas in Douglas church, Scotland. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Decorated, with an elegant ogee canopy, and pinnacles crocketted, &c. 1331 and 1337. The parish church of Aerschot, in Belgium. The anterior part was constructed in 1331, and the chancel, as appears by the following inscription placed on the side of the sacristry, in 1337. The latter part only bore the name of the architect James Pickart, but it may fairly be presumed that the whole church was built from the designs of the same artist. M semel, X scribis ter, C ter, et V semel, I bis, Dum chorus iste pie fundatur honore Marie. Saxa basis prima Juliani lux dat in ima, Pickart artifice Jacobo, pro quo rogitate. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. p. 4. 1331 — 1350. The nave of Exeter cathedral, built by bishop John Grandison. Fabric Rolls, quoted by Britton in his History of Exeter Cath., pp. 93, 94. Style — Decorated. 1337. The foundation laid of the new "Loggia d* Or San Michele" at Florence, of which, according to Vasari, Taddeo Gaddi gave the design. Carteggio d' Artisti, t. i. p. 50. It was completed under the direction of Andrea Orcagna. 1337. Shottesbrooke church, in Berkshire, built by sir William Trussel. Account of Shottesbrooke Church, published by the Oxford Archi- tectural Society, p. 5. Style— Decorated ; a remarkably good and entire specimen. EDWARD III. 115 1338. The great west window of York minster completed and glazed. Britton's Hist, of York Cathedral, p. 81. The particulars of the contract for the glazing, between Thomas Boneston, custos of the fabric of the church, and Robert, a glazier, are given in Torre's MS. Style — Decorated, with flowing tracery. 1341. Great Bookham church, in Surrey, built by John de Rutherwyke, abbot of Chertsey, as appears from the following inscription given by Pegge in his Sylloge, PI. xvi., who says it was " on a plain free stone inserted on the wall at the east end of the chancel." M^~^OXDXig/] it^jimsiiJ^iM^miMii^irm^iiiim^ Ivjuc^io rvfiV^i ^yRgp hinf y<^fot Kfoutfi 1341 — 1374. The great west window in Durham cathedral, built by prior John Fossor. Historise Dunelra. Scriptores Tres, p. 131 ; and Monasticon, vol. i. p. 230. Style — Decorated : it has seven lights. k 1341—1409. The church of Notre Dame, at Hal, in Belgium. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Wealc's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. p. 5. " It is one of the most graceful edifices of the secondary pointed style in Belgium." 1342—1396. St. Cuthbert's screen in St. Alban's abbey church, erected by abbot Thomas de la Mare, who new paved the nave with tiles, of which a few still remain, and adorned the church more richly than any of his predecessors. He was buried before the steps of the altar, and a splendid brass laid down to his memory, which is still preserved, though removed from its place, and now built up against a blank wall in the presbytery. Carter's Account of St. Alban's Abbey, p. 13. PI. xvi. Style — Decorated, late, and Transition to Perpendicular ; very rich and ' beautiful work. 116 EDWARD III. 1343. The collegiate church of Astley, in Warwickshire, founded by sir Thomas de Astley. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1371. 1343. The monument of bishop Thomas Charlton, in Here- ford cathedral. Style — Decorated, with pyramidal canopy. 1343 — 1386. The cathedral of Prague, Bohemia, commenced by Matthias of Arras, and finished by Peter, son of Henry Arter of Boulogne-sur-mer. These two architects were brought from France by the emperor Charles IV. then king of Bohemia ; and to them several other buildings in that kingdom are attributed. Dusommerard, Les Arts au Moyen Age, Architecture, chap. v. p. 36. 1345, vel circa. The cathedral of Malines, in Belgium, built. The chancel was consecrated in 1366; but the nave was not completed for more than a century afterwards. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. p. 16. 1348. Buckland church, Hertfordshire, built by Nicholas de Buckland, as recorded by the following inscription under the figure of a knight in the north window near the pulpit. — Nicholai de Bokeland, qui istam ecclesiam cum capella Beatce Marice construxitj anno Bom. mcccxlviii. — Pegge's Sylloge, p. 41 ; and Salmon's Hist, of Hertfordshire, pp. 304, 305. 1349. The chapel of St. Piat at Chartres, France, built. Winkles's French Cathedrals, p. 96. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. Altar, Bengeworth, near Evesham, vol. ii. PI. 2. Bracket, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, vol. ii. PI. 19. Buttress, Gadsby, Leicestershire, vol. ii. PI. 23. Chimneys, Exton, Rutland, vol. ii. PI. 32 ; Northborough, Northants, vol. ii. PI. 33. Corbel, Northmoor, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 35. Hip-knob, Barn, Bath Hampton, vol. ii. PI. QQ, Mullion, St. Michael's, Oxford, vol. ii. PI. 93. Porches, Warblington, Hants, and Aldham, Essex, vol. ii. PI. 117. Sedilia, Willsborough, Kent, and Merton, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 132. EDWARD in. 117 Tower and Spire, Bloxliam church, Oxon, vol. iii. PI. 38. Turret, St. Mary's, Beverley, vol. ii. PI. 141. Windows, St. Giles's church, Northampton, vol. iii. PI. 29 ; Ashby Folville, Leicestershire, vol. ii. PI. 158; St. Pierre, Caen, Normandy, vol. ii. PI. 160; Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire, vol. ii. frontispiece ; St. Thomas's, Sandwich, vol. iii. PI. 39 ; Bishop's palace, St. David's, vol. ii. PI. 163 ; Dorchester church, Oxon, vol. iii. PI. 39. 1354 — 1513. The choir of Freiburg minster, in Germany, built from the design of Hans Riesenberger of Graiz. The first stone was laid in 1354. At first the works proceeded very slowly, but after 1471, they were carried on with diligence, and the new choir was consecrated in 1513. MoUer's Memorials of Ger- man Gothic Architecture, transl. by Leeds, p. 143. 1355. The monument of Haymo de Heathe (now Hythe), bishop of Rochester, in Rochester cathedral. See Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. i. p. 103. PI. xxxvii. Style — Decorated, with an elegant canopy ; the foliage is of large and spread- ing oak leaves. r^ PANEL, FROM THE TOMB OF LADY MONTACUTK 1355. The monument of lady Elizabeth de Montacute in Christ Church cathedral, Oxford. She died " on Tuesday after the feast of the blessed Virgin, 1355.^^ Dugdale's Baronage, vol. i. pp.410, 727. 118 EDWARD III. The chapel in which it is situated, commonly called the Latin chapel, from the Latin prayers being read there, is supposed to have been built by her. Britton'B Hist, of Oxford Cath., p. 17, and Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, vol. i. Style — Decorated. Moulding, in the Latin chapel, vol. ii. PI. 88. 1356. The monument of Bartholomew lord Burghersh, in Lincoln cathedral. Style — Decorated, with a fine canopy. 1356. The mosque Hassan at Cairo, in Egypt, built by Melec- el-naser-abou-1-Maali Hasan ben Mohammed ben Kalaoun. It was completed in three years. Coste, Archit. Arabe, p. 37. PI. xxi. to xxvi. inch 1359 — 1373. Great part of Windsor castle pulled down and rebuilt. The works were commenced under the direction of William of Wykeham. Lowth's Life of William of Wykeham, pp. 20, 21 ; and Lyson's Magna Britannia, vol. i. p. 419. The Gatehouse, called the Norman Gate, as well as the tower still called Wykeham's tower, and some other parts of the castle, are of this period. 1360—1366. The two first win- dows on the north side of the west end of Winchester cathedral, and the first window on the south side of the same, with their correspond- ing buttresses, etc., built by bishop William of Edington. The great west window is also part of the ] same work, although the parapet and pinnacle over it, and the cor- ner buttresses of the west front, were added by Wykeham; the difference may be distinguished by the mouldings and by the flowered points to the cusps, which are not found in Wykeham's work. Style — Perpendicular, richly panelled. 1361. The choir of York cathedral commenced by archbishop John de Thoresby. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 474 ; and Browne's Hist, of the Edifice of the Metropolit. Ch. of York, pp. 148, 149, EDWARD III. im The time of its completion is not precisely known. Style — Perpendicular, early and rich, the mouldings of the arches are tran- sition from Decorated to Perpendicular. 1361. The spire of Norwich cathedral, rebuilt by bishop Thomas Percy. Britton's Hist, of Norwich Cath., pp. 25, 60, PI. ix. Style — Early Perpendicular. 1362. The collegiate church of Cobham, in Kent, founded by John lord Cobham. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1454, and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 42. Style — Perpendicular, with an embattled tower, and a very rich piscina. 1362—3386. The college hall, Jerusalem chamber, and part of the abbot's house, now the Deanery, of Westminster abbey, built by abbot Nicholas Litlington, who likewise finished the south and west sides of the great cloister. Archives of the Church ; Smith's Hist, of Westminster Ahbey, vol. i. pp. 199, 200; and Monasticon, vol. i. p. 275. Arch of the Cloisters, vol. iii. PI. 6. 1363. The Vicar's college, or close, at W^ells, founded by Ralph of Shrewsbury (de Salopia), bishop of Bath and Wells. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 72 ; and Britton's Hist, of Wells Cath., p. 39. PI. xx. Style — A valuable specimen of the domestic architecture of the 14th century. 1364. The church of St. Michel-aux-Lions, at Limoges, in France, built. De Caumont, Hist, de I'Architect. Relig., p. 425. It is the most conspicuous object of the town, owing to its tall and graceful tower and spire. 1367. The monument of sir W^illiam de la Pole, in Trinity church, Hull. See Blore's Monumental Eemains. Style — Transition from Decorated to Perpendicular ; the ogee canopy, with its crockets, finial, and mouldings, which are filled with small flowers of four leaves, is almost Decorated, while the surface is panelled : the buttresses and battlements are of Perpendicular character. 1368. The cathedral of Mende, in France, commenced by pope Urban V., who was also bishop of Mende ; and completed by his successors in that see, towards the end of the 14th century. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 362. 1369. The monument of Philippa, queen of Edward III., in Westminster abbey. See Blore's Monumental Kemains. Style — Decorated, late in the style. 120 EDWARD [IL 3369. The monument of Lewis Charlton, bishop of Hereford, in his cathedral. See Gougli's Sepul. Monum., vol. i. p. 123. PI. xlvii. ; and Blore's Monum. llemains. gtyle — Pei-pendicular, with square topped canopy, retaining some mixture oi Decorated work. 1370. The tower of Montmajor, near Aries in France, built. Bulletin Monum., vol. xi. p. 115. 1370 — 1390. Wimington church, in Bedfordshire, built by John Curteys, lord of the manor. Lysons's Magna Britannia, vol. i. p. 151. 1370—1391. St. Mary^s church at Warwick rebuilt by Thomas Beauchamp II., earl of Warwick, in execution of the will of Thomas I. his father. The chancel of this period remains. Dugdale's Warwickshire, p. 288 ; Notices of the Churches of Warwickshire, and Archaeological Journal, vol. ii. pp. 109 — 1 12. Style — Perpendicular, panelled ; the east window has the four-centred arch. Section of Mouldings of the East Window of the Chance of St. Mary's Church, Warwick. 1371_1379. The cbapel of St. Nicholas at Lynn in the county of Norfolk, built. Parkin's Hist, of Norfolk, p. 595 ; and Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol, iii. p. 70. The heads of Edward III. and Philippa, and their armorial supporters, are there used as ornaments. Style — Perpendicular, but early, with some mixture of Decorated. 1372. The monument of Nicholas lord Cantilupe, in Lincoln cathedral. See Cough's Sepulchral Monuments, and Wild's Lincoln Cath., p. 3(5. PI. XV. Style — Porpondicular, with a mixture of Decorated work, especially in the foliajff . RICHARD II. 121 1376. La Casa de la Moneda (the Mint) at Granada, in Spain, built by the Moorish king of Granada, Muhammed V. Ecbevenia, Paseos por Granada, torn. i. p. 47 ; and G. de Prangey, Essai sur TAi-chit. des Arabes et des Mores en Espagne, &c., p. 181. PI. 24, It is a good specimen of the last period of the Moorish architecture in Spain. 1376. The monument of Edward, the Black Prince, in Can- terbury cathedral. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Early Perpendicular, with a flat tester over it. 1377. The hotel de ville of Bruges, in Belgium, built by Louis, the last count of Flanders. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. p. 8. " An edifice remarkable for the splendour of its architecture." HEAU OF RICHARD II. From Wettminiiter abbey. ARMS OF RILIIAKD 11. ANNE OF BOHEMIA. From Wekttninitter »bbry > A\l '////' BADGES OP v^ V \ % \ 1 1 ^ RICHARD II. N^ Snn behi nd . Cload. 1377—1399. Richard II. 1377. The monument of Edward III. in Westminster abbey. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Perpendicular, but early in the style ; the canopy has a panelled para- pet surmounted by a row of Tudor-flower oraaments. 1377, 1378. Merton college library, Oxford, built, as appears from the Accounts preserved in the college. Style — Early Perpendicular ; the windows are single lights with trefoil heads. 122 RICHARD II. 1377 — 1478. The cathedral of Ulm, in Germany, built from the design of Matthew Ensinger, who having died in 1463, Matthew Boblinger carried on the work till its completion. Frik's Beschreibuiig der Miinster zu Ulm, p. 12; and Leeds's Note to Moller's Memorial of Germau Gothic Architecture, pp. 78, 79. Style — Decorated and Flamboyant. For engravings of the tower and its details, see Moller's Denkmaler der Deutschen Baukunst, Plates Ivii. and Iviii. 1378 — 1411. The nave, and western transepts of Canterbury cathedral rebuilt. Willis's Architectural Hist, of that Cathedral, pp. 117 —123. Style — Perpendicular. 1380. A column in the south aisle of Ropsley church, near Grantham, in Lincolnshire, has this inscription on it : Bta coluna facta aD fin ^ti 0ii(W anno I3ni i^^ ®.®.©,°, a. KXX. tt nome factor!? ^j^oma^ Eittlc tic ©orb^. The details of this column are Decorated, but it is inserted under an Early English arch. 1380. vel circa. The monument of Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, and his countess, erected in the middle of the choir, newly rebuilt, of St. Mary's church, Warwick. See Dug- dale's Warwickshire, p. 283 ; Gough's Sepulchral Monuments ; and Blore's Monum. Remains. Style — Perpendicular. 1380—1386. New college, Oxford, built by William of Wyke- ham, "laying the first stone of the same himself, March 5, 1379 (1380), and dedicating it unto the honor of God and the blessed virgin Mary. Being finished, the first warden and fellowes all together took possession of it April 14, 1386, at three of the clocke in the morning." Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 186; and Lowth's Life of William of Wykeliam, pp. 181, 182. Style — Good early Perpendicular. Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 89. Rib, vol. ii. PI. 121. Mullion, vol. ii. PI. 93. Window, vol. ii. PI. 161. 1380 — 1401. Campden church, in Gloucestershire, rebuilt by William Greville, woolstapler, who is buried in the chancel, RICHARD II. 123 where a fine brass representing him and his wife is still to be seen. Style — Transition from Decorated to Perpendicular. 1381. The monument of Thomas Hatfield, bishop of Durham, in his cathedral. See Blore's Mouum. Remains. Style— Perpendicular, with panelling, a segmental arch foliated, and nume- rous hollow mouldings enriched with square ornaments. 1381 — 1396. Mepham or Meopham church, in Kent, repaired and in a great degree rebuilt by William Courtney, archbishop of Canterbury. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 10(>. See the year 1315. Style — The greater part of the church is Perpendicular. 1381—1396. Saltwood castle, Kent, enlarged by William Courtenay, archbishop of Canterbury. Hasted's History of Kent, vol. iii. p. 405. The gateway, which has his arms, is early Perpendicular. 1381 — 1412. The cloisters of Gloucester cathedral, completed between this period by abbot Walter Froucester. They had been commenced, and carried as far as the door of the chapter-house, by his predecessor Thomas de Horton, who resigned his office in 1377, and died soon afterwards. Monasticon, vol. i. p. 542 ; and Britton's Hist, of Gloucester Oath., pp. 26, 57. PI. xiv. Style — Perpendicular. Fan-tracery of the vault, vol. ii. PI. 146. 1384. St. Anthony's, now the Protestant church, at Cologne, consecrated. De Lassaulx's Notes, &c., p. 217. 1386. The cathedral, or *' duomo," of Milan, in Italy, begun, according to the following inscription cut on a stone of the wall behind the apse. '^ El principio dil domo di Milanofu nel anno 1386." The high Altar was consecrated by pope Martin V. in October 1418. Latuada, Descrizione di Milano, tom. i. pp. 24 and 107. For architectural details see D'Adda, La Metropolitana di Milano. 1387—1393. Winchester college, built by bishop AVilliam of Wykeham. The foundation stone was laid on the 26th of March, 124 RICHARD II. 1387, and on the 28th of March, 1393, the warden and society made their solemn entrance into the buildings. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 186 ; and Lowth's Life of William of Wykeham, p. 191. Style — Perpendicular. 1390 — 1392. The great east window of Exeter cathedral, re- constructed. Britton's Hist, of Exeter Cath., p. 95, from the Fabric Rolls and the Acts of the Chapter. Style— Early Perpendicular. 1390 — 1400. The chancel of Balsham church, in Cambridge- shire, built and "stalled with 21 stalls of good oak," by John Sleford, rector, who died in 1400, and was buried in the middle of it, under a slab with his figure, and the following inscription engraved on a brass plate : 3ol)anncs SUfortJ tfictus rector munUoq. rdictus, 33ursa non strictus, facet i)k sub marmorc pictus, JTautor iustorum constans, ultor biciorum, ^utm rex ([Etitoarljus tiilcxcrat, atf mala tarUus. ffiartirofcam rexit illius tium hzm hixit, ^cclcsiam struxit l)anc, nunquam postea luxit. T^tt fecit stalla, large funUensque nutalla. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 109 ; Bloomefield's Collect. Cantab., p. 202 ; and Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. part i. p. 85. Lysons says he died in 1401. 1391 — 1411. The chapter-house at Canterbury repaired and partly rebuilt by prior Thomas Chillenden, with the assistance of the archbishops William Courtney and Thomas Arundel. Britton's Hist, of Canterbury Cath., p. 38. PI. xv. The name of prior Chillenden is on the great western window, which was probably constructed by him. The arms of archbishops Courtney and Arundel are also in some part of the stone work. Base, vol. iii. PI. 8. Ground Plan, vol. iii. PI. 20. Tracery of vaulted ceiling, vol. iii. PI. 37. Style — Perpendicular. 1394. The monument of sir John Hawkwood, in Sible Hed- ingham church, Essex. Cough's Sepul. Monum., vol. i. p. 153. Style — Perpendicular, with ogee canopy, crockets, finials, and panelled work. RICHARD II. 125 1394. The monument of king Richard II., and Anne his queen, in Westminster abbey church, erected for both by Richard himself at the death of his wife. The gilding alone of the two bronze figures placed upon it, is recorded to have cost upwards of four hundred marks. Smith's History of West- minster Abbey, vol. i. p. 206. Style — Perpendicular. 1394—1410. The nave and aisles of Winchester cathedral (with the exceptions mentioned under A.D. 1360) remodelled, by bishop William of Wykeham, who dying in 1404, before the works were entirely finished, left a large sum of money to be applied for | their completion. Lowth's Life of' William of Wykeham, pp. 210—214. Style — Good Perpendicular. Fkuel of Wyketuun'i Work, Winchester Cathedrkl. 1395. Maidstone college and church, in Kent, built by William Courtney, archbishop of Canterbury, on the site of the old hos- pital founded there in 1260 by archbishop Boniface. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 106; Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1394 ; and Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. ii. p. 214, and vol. iv. p. 724. Style — Good Perpendicular. For architectural details see Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. iii. 1396—1542. The Certosa, near Pavia, Italy. The founda- tion of it was laid by Giovan Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan, in 1396, but the works were not entirely finished until 1542. Gruner's Fresco Decorations of Churches and Palaces, p. 49. Plates i. to x. The fagade of this magnificent building was begun 1473, from the design of Ambrogio da Fossano. Ibid., pp. 51, 52. 1397 — 1399. Westminster hall repaired; the walls were car- ried up two feet higher ; the windows altered ; a stately porch and a new roof constructed, according to the design of master Henry Zeneley. Smith's Antiquities of Westminster, p. 53. Style — Perpendicular ; a veiy fine specimen. Mullion, vol. ii. PI. 93. 126 HENRY IV. THB FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OF RICHARD II. Bracket, Wooton church, Huntingdonshire, vol. iii. PI. 12. Buttress, Bromham church, Wilts, vol. iii. PI. 13. Font, St. Aldate's, Oxford, vol. ii. PI. 60. Tower and Spire, Boston church, Lincolnshire, vol. iii. PI. 38. 1399 — 1460. House of Lancaster. ARMS AND BADGE OF JOHN OF GHENT. COLLAR OF HSNRy IV. HEAD OP HENRY IV. Krum bi» monument at Canterbury. JOAN OP N.WARRB. Queen of Henry IV. 1399—1312. Henry IV. 1401—1411. Tong church, Salop, rebuilt by Isabel, widow of sir Fulke Penbrugge. Archaeological Journal, vol. ii. p. 1—13. Style — Perpendicular. i HENRY IV. 127 1401 — 1506. The cathedral of Seville, in Spain, built. Conca- Descrizione della Spagna, torn. iii. p. 220 ; and Milizia, Memorie degli Archi- tetti, etc., torn. i. p. 310. 1402—1443. The hotel de ville of Brussels, built. The great tower over the principal doorway was erected in 1444 by Charles le Hardi, count of Charolois, afterwards duke of Bur- gundy, and finished in 1454. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in VVeale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. See also De Caumont, Hist. Somm. de 1' Architect, au Moyen Age, p. 400. PI. xxx. 1403. Sleaford church, in Lincolnshire, partly rebuilt at this date, as appears from au inscription at the east end. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 73. Style — Parts of this church are Perpendicular. 1404. The monument of William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, erected in his cathedral. Godwin (Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. 187) says that his tomb had been "long before provided for him." See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Perpendicular, covered with panelling. 1405. vel circa. The collegiate church of Attleburgh, in Nor- folk, founded by the executors of sir Robert Mortimer. Monas- ticon, vol. vi. p. 1400. 1405 — 1408. The great eastern window, which forms the ter- mination of the choir of York cathedral, set up with painted glass, the work of John Thornton of Coventry, glazier, as appears by an extract of the Indenture made for it by the Chapter, pre- served in Torre^s MSS. Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1175 ; and Britton's Hist. of York Cath., p. 81. 1408. The monument of John Gower in St. Saviour^s church, Southwark. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Perpendicular. 1410—1427. The rebuilding of St. MichaeFs chapel in Can- terbury cathedral, begun by prior Thomas Chillenden, and 128 HENRY V. Boss in the vault of a chapel at Canterbury. finished by liis successor John Wod- nesberg. Leland's Itiner., vol. vi. fol. 3. On the bosses of the vault of an apart- ment above this chapel, are three heads with the names of the persons represented, inscribed on labels: the eastern one has Thomas Chill .... Prior ; the middle one lohns Wodnusbergh Prior; the western one Willms s Molasch Discipulus. William Molasch, who, in 1427, succeeded John Wodnesberg, had probably under this prior the superinteu dance of the work. Style — Good Perpendicular. 1411. Little Chart churchy Kent. "John Darell bought Calehill in this parish in 12 Hen. IV., beautified and glazed the north part of the church. The eastern part of the north aisle was parted off by a screen, and formed a chapel, which was the burial place of the family from this period for two or three centuries. The steeple is said to have been built by sir John Darell in the reign of Henry VII." Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. iv. pp. 224—226. Style — The north aisle is good Perpendicular, and the stained glass in the windows is of the same period. 1412. Catterick churchy Yorkshire, built. Contract for building Catterick Church, published by the Rev. J. Raine, 4to. 1834. Style — Perpendicular. HEAD OP HENRY V. From Weitmm»ter abbey. BADGE OF HENRY V. Antelope, Beacon, and Swan. 1413—1422. Henry V. 1413. The monument of king Henry IV. in Canterbury cathe- dral. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style— Perpendicular, with flat tester, surmounted by a prominent row of the Tudor-flower. HENRY V. 129 1415. The monument of Thomas Fitzalan, earl of Arundel, in Arundel church. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Perpendicular. 1415. The mosque of El-Mouaiied at Cairo, Egypt, built by the sultan El Melee el Mouaiied. Coste, Archit. Arabe, p. 38. Plates xxvii. to xxxi. incl. 1420 — 1431. The church of St. Laurence, at Ipswich, built by John Bottold, as recorded in the following inscription on a stone over his grave. Subjacet hoc lapide John Bottold, vir probus ipse : Ipsius ecclesise primus inceptor fuit iste : Cujus animaj Domine misereris tu bone Christe. Obiit M.cccc.xxxi. litera Dominicalis G. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 47. Style — Perpendicular, a fine and lofty church without aisles. 1420 — 1437. The west front and south porch of Gloucester cathedral, built by abbot John Morwent. Willis's Mitred Abbeys, vol. i. p. 116; and Carter's Account of the Cath. of Gloucester, p. 9. PI. v. Style — Perpendicular. 1420 — 1440. The ceiling of the choir, the windows of the aisles, and a rich monumental chapel, in St. Alban's abbey, built by abbot John de Wheathamsted. Carter's Account of the Abbey Church of St. Alban, pp. 3, 4. Style — Perpendicular. 1421—1483. The nave of " Notre Dame de la Chapelle" at Bruges, in Belgium, rebuilt. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. i. Style — Flamboyant. 1422. The college at Higham-Ferrars, in Northamptonshire, founded by Henry Chicheley, archbishop of Canterbury. Monasticon, vol. vi. pp. 1424, 1425. The chapel and several parts of the domestic buildings remain. Style — Perpendicular. 1422 — 1461. ''La Fontaine de la Crosse,'' at Rouen. Style — Flamboyant. For engravings, see Pugin's Specimens of Architectural Antiquities of Nor- toandy. ISO HENRY VI. HKAD OF HENRY VI. Yrom his Great S»«l. MARGARET OP ANJOO. From a Wiudow in the Bodleian Library . ■ 1422—1461. Henry VI. 1424. The transepts and tower of Merton college chapel, Oxford, being finished, the church was in this year re-dedicated. Wood's Hist, and Antiq. of the Colleges and Halls in the Univ. of Oxford, by Gutch, p. 18; and Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, vol. i. p. 23. Style — Perpendicular, a fine example. Cross on Gable, vol. iii. PI. 37. Dripstone-termination, vol. ii. PI. 52. MuUion, vol. ii. PI. 93. 1427 — 1455. The upper part of the chapter-house of Exeter cathedral rebuilt by bishop Edmund de Lacy. The panelled ceiling, which is of wood, and still retains the original painting, has, besides the arms of this prelate, those also of bishop Bothe, who occupied that see from 1465 to 1478, and is very likely the work of the latter. Britton's Hist, of Exeter Catb., pp. 97, 98 ; PI. xviii. Style — Perpendicular. 1430. The cloisters of Norwich cathedral, completed by bishop William Alnwyk. Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 3. Style — All the later parts are Perpendicular. 1430—1440. The chancel of Luton church, Bedfordshire, built by John de Wlieathamsted, abbot of St. Albau's. Hist, ol lAiton, in Bibl. Topograph. Britann., vol. iv. Style — Kich Perpendicular. HENRY VI. 131 1430, vel circa. The tower of Iron Acton church, Gloucester- shire, built by Robert Poyntz, as appears from the following in- scription round his monumental brass in the same church : — HorU of Jrcnacton anti tj^gd Stcpul \)txt mafecti fej^o UegDc t\)t fgftene tiaji of juune tj^c gcf r of oferc Sort) mccccxx ... of toj^osJ ^oulc goD j^afac mctcn ^mcn. He died in 1437. Atkins' Hist, of Gloucestershire, p. 105. 1431. The west part of Balliol college library, Oxford, built by Thomas Chace, master of the college. Wood's Hist, of the Col- leges and Halls in the Univ. of Oxford, p. 89. Style — Perpendicular ; a good specimen of domestic work. 1434. The south aisle of the abbey church of Pershore, Glou- cestershire, built by abbot William de Newynton, as recorded by the following inscriptions carved upon some old wood-work, which, a century ago, patched a partition between the chancel end of the church, and a small chapel on the north side : — i^ c bt^ btno. triplex x. aDDere quarto ^nno S^aillm^ tni Nctonton fee* abba^. Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 75, 76, PI. xviii. ; and Monasticon, vol. ii, p. 412. 1434 — 1490. The nave, aisles, west front, and portals of the cathedral of Nantes, in France, rebuilt. The following inscrip- tion, placed on the principal doorway, records the time in which these works were commenced. L' an mil quatre cent trente quatre A my avril sans moult rabattre Au portail de cette eglise Fut la premiere pierre assise. The choir is of the 12th century. Bourass6, Cath^drales de France, p. 435. 1435. Fotheringhay church, Northamptonshire, built. The contract entered into in this year for building the nave, aisles, and tower, to correspond with the chancel previously erected in 1415, is printed in the Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 1414, and reprinted separately by the Oxford Archi- tectural Society. Style — Perpendicular. Mouldings, vol. ii. PI. 90. Pulpit, vol. ii. PI. 119. Tower and Spire, vol. iii. PI. .38. 132 HENRY VI. 1435—1481. The church of " Santo Spirito" at Florence, Italy, built from the design of Filippo Brunelleschi. Richa, Notizie Istoriche delle Chiese Florentine, torn. ix. p. 11. For architectural particulars see D'Agincourt, Hist, de TArt., torn. i. PI. xlix. 1437. St. Bernard^s college, now St. John's, Oxford, founded by Henry Chicheley, archbishop of Canterbury. Ingram's Memo- rials of Oxford. The gateway tower, and some other parts of the first quadrangle, are sup- posed to be of this period. Style — Perpendicular. The entrance gateway is very peculiar, the mould- ings and shafts standing out beyond the face of the wall. 1437. Ewelme hospital, or God's house, in Oxfordshire, founded by William de la Pole, earl and afterwards duke of Suffolk. In the adjoining church, on the south side of the altar, the founder's wife is buried, under a rich tomb of alabaster, with her image thereon, and in Leland's time with this epitaph, since destroyed : — Orate pro anima serenissimse principissse Aliciae Ducissae SufFolciae,hujus ecclesiae patronae, etprimsB Fundatricis hujus elemosynarisB ; quae obiit xx. die Mensis Maii, an. mcccclxxv, litera dominicali A. The merit of founding this hospital is here attributed to her, but belongs really to her husband, as appears from the charter of Henry VI., granting to him the license for its foundation. See Monasticon, vol. vi. pp. 716, 717; Leland's Itin., vol. ii pp. 5 — 7; and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 51. Style — Perpendicular. 1437—1443. All Souls' college, Oxford, founded by arch- bishop Chicheley. The foundation stone was laid in February, 1437, and the chapel was consecrated in 1442. Ingram's Memo- rials of Oxford. Style — Perpendicular. Poppies, vol. ii. PL 14. 1439. The Beauchamp chapel at Warwick, begun, and also the monument of Richard de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, by whose last will they were erected. The contract entered into in this year for the building of this chapel in ac- HENRY VI. 133 cordance with the will of the founder, is reprinted, from Dugdale's Warwick- shire, in Blore's Monumental Remains. The monument is the work of John Borde of Corfe, marbler. Style — Perpendicular. Scutcheon, vol. ii. PI. 129. MouldiDgi of the cut window of the Beaachamp chapel. 1440. The west front of the cathedral of Tours, in France, with its three portals, completed. The upper part of the two towers which flank it, was not, however, finished till towards the middle of the 16th century. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 488. 1440—1480. The church of "St. Michel" at Ghent, in Bel- gium, built. Diericx, Memoires sur la ville de Gand, vol. i. chap. 7. Style — Flamboyant, a fine church, cruciform with apse. 1440 — 1500. The three chapels at the east end of Peter- borough cathedral, commenced by abbot Richard Aston, and completed by abbot Robert Kirton. Britton's Hist, of Peterborough Cath., pp. 26 and 57. Style — Perpendicular, rich and late in the style, with fan-tracery roofs, Sec. 1441. The house Gurzenich at Cologne, built. De Lassauk's Notes, &c., p. 221. 1441—1523. Eton college. The buildings appear to have been actually commenced in the former year, but were interrupted in consequence of the death of the founder, Henry VI., and a dispute with the dean and canons of Windsor, which was not settled until 1476. The works were then reassumed, and at last, in 1522, the college was finished. Britton's Archit. Antiq., vol. ii. pp. 95—98. Style— Perpendicular, late. The chapel is a good specimen of the style Oi Henry Vllth's time. 1442. The Redcliffe church, Bristol, repaired and partly re- edified by WiUiam Cannings, merchant, and sometime mayor of Bristol. See Britton's Essay relating to Redcliffe Church, with plans, views, . and architectural details. Style — Perpendicular ; the whole church is of this period except the tower and porch. 134 HENRY VI. 1443 — 1445. The chancel of St. Mary's church, Oxford, built by Walter Lyhart, or Hart, then provost of Oriel college, after- wards bishop of Norwich : he died in 1472. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford. Style — Good Perpendicular. Sedilia, vol. ii. PI. 133. 1445_1500. The Divinity school, Oxford, built. One of the principal benefactors was the good duke Humphrey of Gloucester, who also built the public library over it, afterwards enlarged by sir Thomas Bodley. The ground was obtained so early as 1427, but the work does not appear to have been begun before 1445. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, vol. iii. p. 19. Style — Perpendicular, with very rich fan-tracery in the roof, and pendants. Buttress, vol. ii. PI. 24. Pendant, vol. ii. PI. 101. Kib, vol. ii. PL 121. 1446. The monument of Humphrey duke of Gloucester, in St.Alban's abbey church. See Blore's Monumental Kemains. Style — Perpendicular ; very rich panelling. Ornamented Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 62. 1446 — 1490. Rosslyn chapel, Scotland, commenced by William St. Clair, earl of Orkney, in 1446, but not completed in his life- time : he died in 1479. His successors made some additions to the building. Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 51. Style — Perpendicular, with very rich and elaborate ornaments. Flying Buttress, vol. iii. PI. 14. 1447. The portal of the cathedral of Toul in France, built from the design, and under the direction of Jacquemin de Com- mercy. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 616. 1448—1463. The hotel de ville of Louvain, in Belgium, commenced and completed within this period. De Reiflfenberg, Essai sur la Statistique ancienne de la Belgique, p. 1 17. Style — Flamboyant. 1449 — 1468. The Lady-chapel, now called the Dean's chapel, in Canterbury cathedral, built by prior Thomas Goldstone. Willis's Archit. Hist, of Canterbury Cath., p. 123. Style — Perpendicular. Bracket, vol. iii. PI. 12. 1450 — 1472. Norwich cathedral; the roof of the nave, and the roodloft screen, built by bishop Walter Lyhart, whose re- bus appears in several parts of the work. Godwin's Catal. of the Bishops of England, p. .354 ; and Britton's Hist, of Norwich Cath., p. 64. Style — Perpendicular. HENRY VI. 185 1452 — 1521. The choir (now the chapel of the prison) of the abbey church of Mont St. Michel, in Normandy, built. Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 155. Style — Flamboyant. 1454. The monument of archbishop John Kempe, in Canter- bury cathedral. Style — Perpendicular. Crockets, vol. iii. PI. 34. 1454 — 1457. The central tower of Gloucester cathedral, built by abbot Thomas Seabroke, the finishing of which he committed, on his death, to Robert Tully, one of the monks, and afterwards bishop of St. David's. The fact is perpetuated in the following lines within the choir, over the great arch. ?^oc quoD dige^tum jtipcculari^i opu$(que politum ^ullii f)m (X onere J&eabroike abbate jubente. The name, motto, and arras of this abbot are still remaining on many of the bricks which formed the old pavement of the choir. Mona8ticon,vol.i, p. 536; and Carter'8 Account of Gloucester Cathedral, p, 6. Style — Perpendicular, covered with panelling. 1457 — 1498. The Lady-chapel in Gloucester cathedral, begun by abbot Richard Hanley, and finished by his successor abbot WiUiam Farleigh. " Claustrum illud magnificum et chorus una cum sacello illo spatioso deiparse virgini dedicato, a Ricardo Hanleus hie etiam abbate fundato, navi ecclesiaj adjunguntur." Memoriale Eccl. Cath. Glouc. Compendiarium ex codd. MSS. penea Decan. £ccl. Cath. Qlouc. ; and Monasticon, vol. i. pp. 564, and 536. Style — Perpendicular, covered with panelling. 1458. The nave of Northleach church, in Gloucestershire, built by John Fortey, wool-merchant, who died this year. The roof was constructed after his decease, as appears from the inscrip- tion on his tomb in the same church. Lysons' Gloucestershire Anti- quities, p. 15. PI. xli. The south chapel, and perhaps the porch also, were built by William Bick- uel in 1489. Style — Perpendicular. 1460. The sepulchral chapel of abbot Wheathamstead, in St. Alban's abbey church. Style — Perpendicular. 136 HENRY VI. 1460, vel circa. The chapel on the north side of Luton church, Bedfordshire, built by sir John Wenlock, as appears from the following inscription preserved in a MS. in the British Museum (Harl. MSS. No. 1531). Jesu Christ most of myght, Have mercy on John Le Wenlock knight, And on his wife Elizabeth, Who out of this worid is past by death. Which founded this chapel here. Help them with your hearty prayer, That they may come to that place, Where ever is joy and solace. This inscription and the portrait of sir John, afterwards lord Wenlock, were formerly in the east window, but are no longer there. Style — Perpendicular. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OF HENRY VI. Arch, King's college gateway, Cambridge, vol. iii. PI. 4. Buttress, St. Lawrence, Evesham, vol. ii. PL 24. Flying buttresses, Sherborne, Dorset, vol. ii. PI. 25 ; and St. Nicholas' church, Newcastle, vol. iii. PI. 14. Bosses, Lecturer's room, Windsor, vol. iii. PI. 9. Crocket, St. George's, Windsor, vol. iii. PI. 24. Cross on Gable, Tewkesbury abbey church, vol. iii. PI. 27. Credence, St. Cross, near Winchester, vol. ii. PI. 39. Doorway, Horn church, Essex, vol. iii. PI. 31. Dripstone termination, Chippenham, Wiltshire, vol. ii. PI. 52. Lavatory, Salisbury cathedral, vol. ii. PI. 70. Parapets, St. Peter's, Dorchester, Dorsetshire, vol. ii. PI. 97 ; and Sherborne, Dorset, vol. ii. PI. 115. Porch, St. Peter's in the East, Oxford, vol. i. p. 295. Roof, Godshill church. Isle of Wight, vol. ii. PI. 125. Screen, St. Mary's, Leicester, vol. ii. PI. 128. Towers, Islip, Oxfordshire, vol. ii. PI. 139; and Sancton church, Yorkshire, vol. iii. PI. 38. Windows, Huish Episcopi, Somerset, vol. ii. PI. 162 ; St. Peter's, Dorchester, Dorsetshire, vol. ii. PI. 164 ; and Worcester cathedral, vol. iii. PI. 39. EDWARD IV. 137 BADGES OF THB HOUSK OV YORK. EDWARD IV. from hit Great Seal. r^'^>^W ARMS OP KDWAUl) IV 1461—1483. Edward IV. 1461 — 1490. The church and tower of Ashford, in Kent, re- built by sir John Fogge. Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. iii. p. 264 ; and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 52. Style — Perpendicular. 1465. Bishop Beckington's monumental chapel in Wells cathedral. Cornice, vol. ii. PI. 38. For engravings of the monument, see Gougb's Sepulchral Monuments. 1465. The mosque of Kaitabai, without the walls of Cairo, Egypt, built. Coste, Architecture Arabe, p. 38. PI. xxxii. to xxxv. incl. It is the most elegant specimen of the Arabian architecture of this period. 1465 — 1491. The choir of the church of Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire, built by Thomas Balsall, D.D., dean of the col- legiate church. Dugdale's Warwickshire, p. 478. Style — Good Perpendicular. For engravings, see Neale's Views of Churches. 1466 — 1496. The cathedral of Saint Flour, in France, built. It was dedicated in 1496, but not completed till some time afterwards. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 338. T 138 EDWARD IV. 1468 — 1477. The northern tower of the west front of Rouen cathedral, called the tower of St. Romain, erected, with the ex- ception of the base, which is a work of the 12th century, and the most ancient portion of the whole cathedral. Bourasse, Cathe- (Irales de France, p. 519 ; Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 30 ; and Winkles' French Cathedrals, p. 145. 1470. Crosby hall, London, built by sir John Crosby, who obtained a lease of the ground in 1466, and died in 1475. Style — Perpendicular, with a fine open timber roof. Arches, vol. iii. PI. 4 and 6. Bracket, vol. iii. PI. 12. 1470 — 1486. The vestry of Lavenham church, in Suffolk, built by Thomas Spring, as recorded in the following inscrip- tion, placed on a monument in the vestry itself. — Orate pro animabus ThomcB Spring, qui hoc vestibulum fieri fecit in vita sua, et Margaret(B uxoris ejus ; qui quidem Thomas obiit septimo die mensis Septembris, A,D. Millimo CCCCLXXXVI. et prcRdicta Margareta obiit . . . die . . . A.D. Millimo CCCCLXXX . . . quor' animabus' propicietur Deus. Amen. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 114. Of the whole of Lavenham church there is a good plan in the Gentleman's Magazine, May 1787, vol. Ivii. p. 378. Style — Perpendicular. 1470 — 1524. The Lady-chapel of Winchester cathedral, re- built by Th. Hunton and Th. Silkstede. Milner's Hist, of Winches- ter, vol. ii. pp. 63, 64. Style — Perpendicular. 1474—1479. The cathedral of Tarbes, in France, rebuilt by bishop Menaud d'Aure. Bulletin Monumental, vol. x. p. 427. 1475—1480. Magdalene college, Oxford, built by William of Waynfleet, bishop of Winchester. The contracts between the founder and his master mason, William Orchyerde, are still preserved in the college archives. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford. Style — Perpendicular. Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 89. Pulpit, vol. ii. PI. 119. 1476. The tower of Egerton church, Kent, finished about this year, llasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. iii. p. 222. EDWARD IV. 139 1476. The Maison Dieu at North AUerton, in Yorkshire, founded by Richard Moore. Monasiicon, vol. vi. p. 780. 1476 — 1484. The altar-screen in St. Alban's abbey church, most probably the work of abbot Wheathamsted, whose arms are upon it. Carter's Account of St. Alban's Abbey Church, p. 5. and PI. xvii. Style — Perpendicular, veiy rich. Ornamented moulding, vol. ii. PI. 91. 1477. The south side chapel in Great Chart church, Kent, built by James Goldwell, bishop of London, who some years before had also repaired the church. Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 53, 54. 1478. The tower of Woburn church, in Buckinghamshire, built by John Goodwin, as appears by an inscription given by Pegge in his Sylloge, p. 107. 1478 — 1519. Great St. Mary's church, Cambridge, rebuilt. Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, vol. i. p. 224. Style — Late Perpendicular ; the walls are covered with panelling. Moulding, vol. iii. PI. 89. 1479. The church of " St. Jacques*' at Antwerp, in Belgium, begun. The chancel was finished in 1507. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. 1479 — 1515. The tower of Charing church, Kent, built. Hasted's Hist, of Kent, vol. iii. p. 218. Style — Late Perpendicular ; the upper part is very poor work. 1480. The shrine of St. Frideswide, in Oxford cathedral. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford. Ornamented moulding, vol. ii. PI. 91. 1480 — 1492. The stone vault of the choir of Norwich cathe- dral, the upper windows, and flying buttresses to the same, built by bishop James Goldwell. Monasticon, vol. iv. p. 2. Style — Perpendicular. 1481 — 1508. St. George's chapel, Windsor, begun by Ed- ward IV. and finished by Henry VII. " King Edward IV., (whose inclination to and kindness for this place was extraordinary,) finding upon survey that the former foundations and walls of the chapel of St. George were in his time very much decayed and consumed. 140 EDWARD V. and esteeming the fabrick not large or stately enough, designed to build one more noble and excellent ; to this purpose he constituted Richard Beauchamp, bishop of Salisbury, master and surveyor of the work. With what diligence and sedulity, and how well the bishop performed this office and employment, appears from the testimony given him by the king, in the preamble of the patent, by which he shortly after constituted him chancellor of the Garter : " That out of meer love towards the order, he had given himself the leisure daily to attend the advancement and progress of the goodly fabrick." Pote's History of Windsor Castle, p. 50. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 4. Boss, vol. iii. PI. 9. Doorway, vol. iii. PI. 31. Finial, vol. iii. PI. 36. Tracery, vol. iii. PI. 37. ARMS OF EDWARD V. Tliese arms and supporters are used also in the latter part of the reign of Edward IV. 1483. Edward V. RICHARD III, from bis Great Seal. ARMS OF RICHARD III. UADGK OF RICHARD III. 1483—1485. RiciiAiiD III. RICHARD III. 141 THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF ABOUT THE TIME OF RICHARD III. Alcl), Sherborne, Dorsetshire, vol. ii. PI. 11. Gable, king Richard's house, Leicester, vol. ii. PI. 46. Moulding, Winterborn Whitchurch, Somersetshire, vol. ii. PI. 62. Scutcheon, Ryarsh church, Kent, vol. ii. PI. 129. 1483 — 1548. The present cathedral of Auch, in France, re- built. The second date is that of its consecration. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, pp. 468, 469. It is one of the finest edifices in the south of France. Its painted glass, executed in 1513, by Arnaud de Moles, and the carved woodwork of the choir, are of great richness and beauty. 1485 — 1507. The southern tower of the west front of Rouen cathedral, in France, called " la Tour de Beurre,^' built by arch- bishop Robert do Croixmare. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 519 ; (ially Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 30 ; and Winkles' French Cathedrals, p. 145. Style — Flamboyant. For engravings, see Pugin and Cotman. BAUGKS OF TH£ TUDOR FAMILY. Tcncr o o o o o O o o o o cccr o o o c o ^ Red Rose en Soleil. I'ouieg 142 HENRY VII. HEAD OF HENRY VII ELIZABETH OF YORK Queen of Henry VII. ARMS OF HENRY VII. 1485—1509. Henry VII. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE EARLY PART OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VII. Gable, Eltliam palace, Kent, vol. ii. PI. 62. Mouldings, Eltham palace, Kent ; St. Peter's, Oxford ; St. Saviour's, South- wark ; Christ Church, Oxford, vol. ii. PI. 89. Roodloft, Charlton on Otmoor, Oxon, vol. ii. PI. 122. 1486. The south porch of Ropsley church, in Lincolnshire, built, as appears from this inscription therein : ^.° Sni i«.« ©.@.©,®,° nxmvrio i^ta porta fa fuit. Style — Perpendicular. 1487. The chancel of Stratton St. Michael's, in Norfolk, re- built by John Cowal, rector, as recorded in the inscription on brass, on his tombstone in the middle thereof. Weever's Funeral Monuments, p. 814 ; and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 65. HENRY VII. 143 1488. The nave and aisles of St. Mary's church, Oxford, built by public subscription. The arms of the principal benefactors, including king Henry VII. and most of the bishops, as well as the chief nobility of the period, were emblazoned in the church, and a list of them has been preserved by Wood (Hist, of the City of Oxford, edit, by Peshall, pp. 63 — 66) : no less than eighty-one different shields are enumerated. "The architect was sir Reginald Bray, then high steward of the university : the arms of John Russel, bishop of Lincoln, chan- cellor of England, and first perpetual chancellor of this university, are still to be seen in the spandrels of the doorway under the great west window." Ingram'u Memorials of Oxford. Style — Perpendicular, good but rather late. Arch, vol. ii. PI. 11. Mouldings, vol. ii. PI. 89. Base, vol. ii. PI. J 5. Pillar, vol. ii. PI. 105. Bracket, vol. ii. PI. 19. Window, vol. ii. PI. 162. 1488—1534. The nave and fa9ade of the church of St. Vul- frand at Abbeville, France, built. De Caumont, Hist, de I'Architect. Relig. au Moyen Age, p. 456. 1490—1500. Bishop Alcocke's chapel, in Ely Cathedral. " He lyeth buried in a chapell of his owne building, on the north side of the Presbytery, where is to be scene a very goodly and sumptuous tombe, erected in memory of him." Godwin's Catal. of the English Bishops, p. 222. See also Bentham's Hist, of Ely Cath., p. 183. PI. xxi. Style — Perpendicular ; late and very rich. 1490 — 1516. The transepts of the cathedral of Sens, in France, with their portals, built from the design of Martin Chambiges. Quantin, Notice Hist, sur la Cathedral de Sens, pp. 22 — 32. Style — Flamboyant. 1490 — 1530. The remaining buildings of the nunnery, or abbey of St. Amand at Rouen, in France. Delaquerriere, Descrip- tion Historique des Maisons de Rouen, torn. i. p. 202. The arms of Thomasse and Isabel Daniel, and Mary d'Annebaut, three of the abbesses of that nunnery at the period above mentioned, shew the age of these buildings. Style — Partly Flamboyant, and partly of the Renaissance. For engravings, see Jolimont, Monuments de la Nonnandie ; and Pugin's Specimens of the Architectural Antquities of Normandy. 144 HENRY VII. 1490 — 1517. Tlie'central tower, or Angel steeple of Canter- bury cathedral, built by Thomas Goldstone the second, who was appointed prior in the year 1495, and died in 1517. "Turrim satis excelsam, Angyll Stepyll vulgariter nuncupatam, testudine pulcherrima concameratam, ac opere decenti artificiose undique sculptam et deauratam, cum fenestris vitreatis satis amplis et ferramentis, ope et auxilio . . . Rev. Patris J. Morton Cardinalis, necnon et Dom. W. Sellyng Prioris, in medio ecclesiae, videlicet inter chorum et navem ecclesise, egregie erexit, et mag- nifice consummavit. Duos etiam arcus, sive fornices, opere lapideo subtiliter incisos cum quatuor aliis minoribus ad sus- tentationem dictse turris columnis eandem turrim supportantibus satis industrise et prudenter annexit.^^ Angl. Sac, t. i. p. 147. " By erecting this tower is plainly meant only that part which rises above the roof, for the fact that he added the buttressing arches to the piers, shews that the piers were there before.'' Willis's Architect. Hist, of Canterbury Cath., p. 126. On the cornice over the arches stretching from the south-west pillar to two others north and west of it, is this inscription : NON NOBIS DOMINE NON NOBIS— SED NOMINI TUO DA GLORIAM. And in the middle of the line after the second nobis, between the letters T. P. in gold, signifying Thomas Prior, is a shield charged with three gold stones, indicating his surname Goldstone : from which it appears that this work was finished when he was prior. The following is a specimen of the inscription. «inmiMiHiMWtiiittmwiiM^«s 1492 — 1505. Magdalene college tower, Oxford. The first stone was laid on the 9th of August, 1492, by Kichard Mayew, then president, and the college accounts shew that sums of money were constantly expended upon it until 1505. Wolsey, afterwards the celebrated cardinal, was bursar in 1498, and tradition has given him the credit of the design. It was originally intended to stand alone, detached from the other buildings on the east and west of it. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, vol. i. Style — Perpendicular. 1493—1499. The " Palais de Justice" at Rouen, built. The " Salle des Procureurs,^' which is a wing of the same building, was the first part of it erected. Gaily Knight's Tour in Normandy, p. 30. Style — Flamboyant: a beautiful specimen of civil architecture of this age. For engravings, see Pugin and Colman. HENRY VIT. 14.5 1494. The library of the cathedral of Siena, Tuscany, built by cardinal Francis Piccolomini. Gmner's Fresco Decorations of Churches and Palaces, p. 65. PI. xii. 1495 — 1500. The monument of archbishop John Morton, in the crypt of Canterbury cathedral, erected by himself. Willis' Architect. Hist, of Canterbury Cath., p. 130; and Gough's Sepul. Monum., vol. ii. p. 342. PI. cxx. Style — Perpendicular. 1495 — 1530. The hotel du Bourgtheroulde, at Rouen, com- menced by Guillaume Le Roux, and finished by his son. Delaquerriere, Description Hist, des Maisons de Rouen, torn. i. pp. 210 — 234. PI. 16 ; and De Caumont, Hist. Somm. de I'Architecture au Moyen Age, p. 423. For other engravings, see Pugin's Specimens of the Architectural Antiquities of Normandy. 1497 — 1506. The church and monastery of St. Maurizio at Milan, built. For an a ount of the church, with plan, elevation and sections, see Gruner's Fresco Deco tions of Churches and Palaces, p. 63. PI. xi. 1500 — 1503. The hall, or manor-house and chapel of Athel- hampton, corruptly Admiston, in Dorsetshire, built by sir William Martin, who died in 1503, and was buried in the chapel. Hutchins's Hist, of the County of Dorset, vol. ii. p. 180. Style — Late Perpendicular : a good specimen of the domestic vi^ork of this date. Roof of the hall, vol. ii. PI. 125. 1500 — 1539. Bath abbey church built. It was commenced by bishop Oliver King, who died in 1503; priors Bird and Gibbs carried on the works, and the church was nearly finished, when the dissolution of the abbey took place, in 1539. See the account of this church, prefixed to the Plan, Elevation, Sections, etc., of the same, published by the Society of Antiquaries, London, 1798. Style — Perpendicular, of very late character. 1500 — 1540. The chateau of Fontaine-Henry, near Caen, Normandy, commenced by Jean d'Harcourt, and finished by Jean Charles de Morais, his son-in-law. De Caumont, Hist. Somm. I'Architecture au Moyen Age, pp. 351, 352. Style — Flamboyant. For engravings, see Pugin's Specimens of the Architectural Antiquities of Normandy. 146 HENRY VII. 1501 — 1515. The steeple of Louth church, in Lincolnshire, built. The parish accompts for building this steeple and repairing the church, are printed in the Archaeologia, vol. x. pp. 70 — 98, and reprinted in Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. iv. pp. 1 — 7, with engravings. Style — Perpendicular, of late character. Flying buttresses, vol. ill. PI. 14. 1502 — 1504. The sepulchral monument of Arthur Tudor, prince of Wales, son of Henry VIL, in Worcester cathedral. Wild's Illustration of Worcester Cathedral, p. 24. PI. x. ; and Britton's History of the same Cathedral, p. 19. PI. x. Style — Perpendicular : open screen work. 1503 — 1520. Henry the Seventh's chapel in Westminster abbey church, built. Ackermann's Hist, of Westminster Abbey, vol. i. pp. 218—221 ; and vol. ii. pp. 135—149. The will of king Henry VII., who died in 1509, contains minute directions for the completion of this building, which were carried into efiect by his exe- cutors, under the superintendance of William Bolton, prior of St. Bartholomew, appointed master of the works by the king himself. Style — Late Perpendicular, very richly ornamented with panelling, &c. Abacus, vol. ii. PI. i. Flying Buttress, vol. iii. PI. 14. Arch, vol. iii. PI. 4. Ornamented Moulding, vol. ii. PI. 91. Finial, vol. iii. PI. 33. Pendant, vol. ii. PI. 101. 1505. Piddleton church, in Dorsetshire, completed at this date, as stated by an inscription which is preserved in it. Style — Perpendicular, good for this period. Capital, vol. ii. PI. 31. 1505. The hospital of the Savoy, in the Strand, London, re- built and endowed by king Henry VIL Monasticon, vol. vi. p. 726. The chapel built at this period, and converted into a parish church by queen Elizabeth, remains in a tolerably perfect state. Its ceiling is very rich : the east end has been ornamented with tabernacle- work, of which one niche re- mains, but the greater part has been cut away to make place for some monu- ments and a pseudo-grecian altar-screen. Style — Perpendicular, late and plain, with the exception of the ceiling, which is very rich. 1505. The gateway of the close of Wells cathedral, supposed to be of this date. Cornice, vol. ii. PI. 38. HENRY VII. 147 1506 — 1519. The monument of St. Sebald, at Nuremberg, in Germany, executed by Vischer. Bulletin Monumental, vol. x. p. 265. Style — Renaissance : a rich piece of ironwork. 1506—1522. The choir of the church of St. Etienne, at Beau- vais, in France, built; the high altar was consecrated in 1522. S. de Saint Germain, Notice Hist, et Descript. sur I'Eglise de St. Etienne de Beauvais, p. 14. Style — Perpendicular. The nave and transepts are of the twelfth century ; and there is some beautiful painted glass. 1507, vel circa. The tower of St. Neot's church, Hunting- donshire, erected. Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vii. p. 508. Style — Perpendicular: a beautiful specimen. Vol, iii. PI. 38. 1507—1520. The groined vault of the choir of St. George's chapel, Windsor, constructed. John Hylmer and William Vertue, freemasons, agreed by indenture dated June 5, 1507, to construct this vaulting for 700/., and to complete it by Christ- mas, 1508 : it appears, however, that part of the works were not finished in 1519, when a subscription among the Knights of the Garter was entered into to defray the expense of their completion. Style — Late Perpendicular, with fan-tracery. 1508 — 1515. The stone vaulting of King's college chapel, at Cambridge, with its exterior towers, turrets, finials, &c., built by Henry VII. and his executors. The indentures for the different parts of the work are preserved in the col- lege, and printed in Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. i. pp. 27 — 36, with several engravings. Style — Pei-pendicular, late, but very rich. Cross on gable, vol. iii, PI. 27. THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE OF THE TIME OF KING HENRY VII. Lavenham church, Suffolk, rebuilt by the family of Spring, opulent clothiers of that town, jointly with the De- Veres, earls of Oxford. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 113. Style — Pei-pendicular, very rich and good, but rather late. For engravings, see Neale's Views of Churches, vol. ii. Trinity church at Melford, Suffolk, built by the family of Clopton. Style — Good Perpendicular: a very fine specimen. For engravings, and an interesting account of this church, written by a rector of it in 1 688, see Neale's Views of Churches, vol. ii. 148 HENRY VIII. Arch, gateway in the chancellor's house at Lincoln, vol. iii. PI. 4. Capital, Upway, Dorsetshire, vol. ii. PI. 31. Doorway, Tattershall church, vol. ii. PL 31. Market-cross, Malmshury, vol. iii. PI. 26. Panel, Colchester, vol. ii. PI. 96. Pinnacle, St. Stephen's, Bristol, vol. ii. PI. 110. Window, Aylsham church, Norfolk, vol. iii. PI. 39. HENRY Vm. from l,i« r.rent Seal. ARMS OF HENRY VIII. Q.Maiy. 1509—1547. Henry VIII. 1509 — 1530. The western fa9ade of Rouen cathedral, com- menced by cardinal George d'Amboise, in 1509, and completed m 1530. Gilbert, Description Historique de la Cathedrale of Rouen, p. 28. Style — Flamboyant. HENRY VIII. 149 1509 — 1533. The cathedral of Bangor (with the exception of the choir), built by bishop Thomas Skevyngton. On the outside of the tower is the following inscription : — '2ri)oma$ .^fecbgugton ?£pi^copiig 33angorte j^oc campanile ct eccUsiiam fied fecit ^°, ^attuiJ Firsinci MCCCCCXXXII. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 62. Style — Perpendicular. 1510 — 1528. The chapel on the south side of Collumpton church, in the county of Devon, built by John Lane, merchant, as appears from the inscriptions on his tomb therein. Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 92, 93. Style —Perpendicular, late and rich. Pendant, vol. ii. PI. 101. 1511 — 1522. Thornbury castle, Gloucestershire, built by Ed- ward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, as'appears from an inscrip- tion over the entrance gate, but left incomplete at his death in 1522, in which state it still remains. The walls are for the most part in a perfect state, hut without a roof, which appears never to have been put on. It is a fine specimen of the baronial man- sions of that age, built for magnificent display rather than for defence. See the frontispiece to this volume, and a chimney, vol. ii. PI. 33. Plan of the upper window. Plan of the lower window. 1512 — 1521. Brasenose college, Oxford, the hall and gateway tower included, built by William Smith, bishop of Lincoln, and sir Robert Sutton. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford. Style — Late Perpendicular. 1513 — 1517. The quadrangle of Corpus Christi college, Ox- ford, built by Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester. Ingram's Me- morials of Oxford. The buildings of this college remain nearly in their original state. A room over the entrance gateway is particularly worthy of attention, still retaining the wainscoting and very rich plaster ceiling and cornice of the time of the founder. 150 HENRY VITT. 1513—1529. The tower of St. Kilan at Heilbronn, in Ger- many, built. Bulletin Monumental, vol. x. p. 265. 1514 — 1535. The "Broodhuis/' otherwise the "Maison du Roi'' at Brussels, built. The works were executed under the superintendance of five architects, Antoine, Rombaut, and Mathieu Kelderman, Dominique de Wagemaker, and Henry Van Peede. The first furnished the design for the building. Schayes's Treatise on the Pointed Style in Belgium, in Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii. pp. 43, 44. 1515. The steeple of Mayfield church, Staffordshire, built by Thomas RoUeston, as recorded in an inscription cut in stone on the west side of the same. Pegge's Sylloge, p. 39. PL xi. 1515—1539. The monument of abbot William Malvern, alias Parker, on the north side of the choir of Gloucester cathedral, erected by himself during his life-time, but in which his body was never interred. William Parker, the last abbot of the great monasteiy of St. Peter at Glou- cester, was elected in 1515, and continued in office until the dissolution of the monasteries, in 1539, soon after which he died. He built a vestry at the end of the north transept of his church, the present cathedral. Style — Late Perpendicular. The mouldings of this tomb are exactly the same as those of the paneling and vault of the choir, and it is evidently part of the same work : probably he completed what his predecessors had begun. 1516 — 1519. The monument of king Henry VII. and his queen, in his chapel at Westminster abbey church, executed by Pietro Torrigiani, a Florentine sculptor, for which he received a thousand pounds. Ackermann's Hist, of Westminster Abbey, vol. ii. pp. 140 — 143, where the agreement between the executors of Henry VII. and Peter Torrigiani, respecting this monument, is given. Style — Late Perpendicular: the altar-tomb is surrounded by a bronze screen. 1517. The chancel of Darton church in the west riding of Yorkshire, rebuilt, and at this date finished by Thomas Tykyll, prior of Monk-Bretton monastery in the same county, and HENRY VIII. 151 patron of the church, as recorded by the following inscription round the wall-plate of the choir : tftrPDQ;^ a;o*Pir.ejt^Q:BiPiaii5 ^Bi»o iDog>iig[ gjiM^no oan^ Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 89, 90. 1517. The church of Barton under Needwood in Stafford- shire, built by John Taylor, archdeacon of Derby and Bucking- ham, and master of the Rolls temp. Henry VIII., as appears from the inscriptions over every other pillar of the north and south sides of the nave. Plot's Natural History of Staffordshire, p. 296. Style — Perpendicular, late : the windows mostly square-headed. Engravings of the inscriptions, and a view of the church, are given in Pegge's Sylloge, Plates xii. and xiii. 1519, vel circa. Great Ponton, or Paunton church, in Lin- colnshire, completed at the expense of Anthony Elhs, merchant, who lies interred in the north side of the chancel. Tumor's Hist. of Grantham, p. 127. " Pounton church has a very large fair tower steeple, strong and very well lay'd ; built, as the inhabitants have received by tradition, by one Ellys, mer- chant of the staple at Calais ; who, as they also report, built Basingthorpe-hall, Swinshead-hall, Holland ; and the hall at Pounton. Mr. Ellys, the builder, is re- ported to have sent his wife a cask inscribed ' Calais Sand,' without any further mention of its contents : at his return to Pounton, he asked what she had done with it, and found she had put it in the cellar. He then acquainted her that it contained the bulk of his riches ; with which (being issueless) they mutually agreed to build a church, in thanksgiving to God for having prospered them in trade. The arms of Ellys, and the motto Thynke and Thanke God for ALL, are carved in various parts of the tower." Style — Good Perpendicular, though very late. 152 HENRY VIII. j 1520. Westenhanger church, in Kent, built by sir Edward Poynings, knight of the Garter, as recorded in an inscription given in Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum, vol. ii. p. 132, and reprinted in Pegge's Sylloge, p. 61 . 1520, vel circa. Layer-Marney hall, Essex, built by sir Henry^ afterwards baron Marney. Salmon's Hist, of Essex, p. 448. A good specimen of the mansions of this period. Chimney, vol. ii. PI. 33. ' ^ Dripstone termination, vol. ii. PI. 52. Panel, vol. ii. PL 96. 1520, vel circa. The market-cross at Glastonbury, in Somer- setshire. Vol. iii. PL 26. 1520, vel circa. Compton Winyate house, Warwickshire, built by sir William Compton, who was keeper of Fulbroke castle, which being demolished, many of the materials were appro- priated to this new building. Britton's Architectural Antiquities, vol. ii. p. 104. This splendid mansion is in fine preservation, and affords an excellent speci- men of the style of that age. " Over the arch of the entrance porch are the royal arms of England, beneath a crown, supported by a greyhound and griffin, and on each side is a rose and crown in panels." These are the arms of Henry VII., but were also used by Henry VIII. during part of his reign. The chimney shafts are variously ornamented, and the gables have good barge-boards. 1520, vel circa. The south side chancel or chapel of St. Mil- dred^s church, Canterbury, built by Thomas Atwood, "for a peculiar place of sepulture for himself and his family.^' Somner's Antiquities of Canterbury, p. 166 ; and Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 62, 63. 1521—1529. The chapel of Balliol college, Oxford, built. Wood's Hist, and Antiq. of the Colleges and Halls in the Univ. of Oxford, p. 99. Style — Perpendicular, very late, but good of its kind. Some fine painted 1522. The monument of sir John Spencer, in Brington church, Northamptonshire. See Blore's Monumental Remains. Style — Late Perpendicular, or Tudor. 1522. The monument of John Noble, in St. Aldate^s church, Oxford. See vol. ii. PL 74. HENRY VIII. 153 1523—1538. The church of '' St. Jacques" at Liege, in Bel- -ium, built. For arcliitectural details see Weale's Quarterly Papers, vol. ii., and Hope's History of Architecture. 1524. The sepulchral chapel of abbot Thomas Ramryge in St. Alban's abbey church, on the north side of the choir. Car- ter's Account of the Abbey Church of St. Alban, p. 2. Style — Late Perpendicular. 1524, vel circa. St. Peter^s church at Cologne built. De Las- saulx's notes etc. p. 214. "It possesses, besides the well-known disagreeable picture by Kubens, remarkal)ly good glass paintings of 1528 and 1539; also a metal baptismal basin of 15(5i>. The adjoining cloister with its wooden ceiling, will shew every sensible man how agreeable an impression may be conveyed by the most simple construction." 1525—1538. Hengrave hall, in Suffolk, built by sir Thomas Kytson, sometime sheriff of London. Gage's History and Antiquities of Hengrave, p. 15. Style — Late Perpendicular. 1526. The hotel de ville at Beaugency in France, built from the design of the architect, Viart d'Orleans. De Caumont, Hist. Sommaire de 1' Architecture au Moyen Age, p. 417. 1529. The hall of Christ Church, Oxford, built by car- dinal Wolsey, and finished at this date. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, vol. i. p. 51. Style — A very good specimen of late Perpendicular work, particularly the roof. Pendant, vol. ii. PI. 101. 1530 — 1533. The tower of the cathedral of Amiens, designed and built by Louis Cordon, a carpenter of the village of Cot- tenchy, near that city. Bourasse, Cathedrales de France, p. 32. 1530 — 1541. The monumental chapel of Margaret Plantage- net, countess of SaHsbury, in the church of Christ Church, Hants, erected in her lifetime. She was beheaded at the age of seventy years, by order of Henry VIII., in 1541. See fibre's Monumental Remains. Style — Late Perpendicular, a rich and beautiful specimen of this style. X 154 HENRY VIII. 1532. The monument of archbishop William Warham in Canterbury cathedral. See Blore's Monumental Remains, and Britton's Hist, of Canterbury Cath., p. 69, plates viii. and xxiv. Style — Perpendicular, late, but rich and fine. 1533 — 1541. The cathedral of Limoges, in France, finished in the manner it stands at present, by bishop John de Langeac. Gall. Christ., t. ii. col. 539. 1534. Whiston church, in Northamptonshire, built by Antony Catesby, esq., lord of the manor, Isabel his wife, and John their son, as may be gathered from the following remains of an in- scription on one of the windows therein : ©rate pro ... . ^ntonU ©ateiSbg ^rmigcri et Isiabella uxori^ cju0 Bomfni . . . Soj^annl^ 3lunioris» gcnerojii ejugtiem ^ntonii .... qui quitiem ^ntoniu^, Batiella et 3Jo= j^anneg f)mc lEcclcgiam contiitienmt qtiingentegimo tttcegimo quarto Bridges's Hist, of Northamptonshire, vol. i. pp. 389, 390. Style — Perpendicular, a small, but perfect specimen of the Tudor style. 1536. The steeple of Aughton church, near Howden in York- shire, erected by Christopher, the second son of sir Robert Ask, as appears from an inscription on the south side of the same, placed under the armorial bearings of the Ask family, or, 3 bars azure. Gentleman's Magazine for 1754, p. 359, and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 63. 1538. The old hotel de ville of Caen, Normandy, built by Nicholas de Valois, lord of Ecoville. De Caumont, Hist. Somm. de r Architecture au Moyen Age, p. 424. For engravings, see Jolimont, Monuments de la Normandie. CORRIGENDA IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Pago 12, line 2 from the bottom, ^r de Qest. Reg. Angl., and Matth. Paris, p. 388, ad an. 1751, reail do Gest. Reg, Angl., p. 110, and Matth. Paris, Vit. Off., p. 19. 21, last line, read as to the present church of Balsham, see A.D. 1390 — 1400. 57, line 8,ybr see the year 1306, read see the year 1311. 59, last line,/or vol. iii. Pi. 38, read vol. i. p. 344. 76, line 2 from the bottom, omit Window, vol, iii. PI, 39. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES, FROM BRIXTON'S DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, ALTERED AND ADAPTED TO SUIT THE PLAN OF THIS WORK. Arcades — Plate I. 1 and 6. Castle Acre priory church, Norfolk, 3135 — 1148. 2. St. Peter^s, Northampton ; exterior wall of clerestory. 3, 4, and 10. Canterbury cathedral, exterior of St. Anselm's tower, 1106—1114. 5 and 7. Norwich cathedral, 1096—1119. 8 and 12. Canterbury cathedral, 1175 — 1184. 9. St. Peter's church, Oxford, exterior of chancel, circa 1180. 11. Connington church, Huntingdonshire, font, circa 1200. 13. Lincoln cathedral, chapter-house, circa 1200. 1. From the west end externally, in which tlie soffit of the arch-moulding is cut into zig-zag as well as the face of the same, (6). The cable string-course (a) is strongly marked, as are the capitals. 2. Here the face of the arch is flat and plain, and the capitals, bases, and shafts regular and nearly uniform. Five small semicircular-headed windows are formed in so many panels of this arcade, on each side of the church. This building may be referred to as exhibiting some very interesting examples of capitals, columns, arches, and other ornaments of the Anglo-Norman times. — See Britton's Architectural Antiq., vol. ii. p. 13, where a plan, views, details, and description of this building are given. 3. The first two specimens exhibit examples of the zig-zag archivolt-mould- ing, springing from very bold imposts: the arches are of small span, while the wall is adorned with varied ornaments. No. 10. shews the intersecting mould- ing, with a billet-ornament ; also a semicircular arch of three faces within the lancet arch. Three examples of the string-course are also shewn, the zig-zag, the indented, or saw-tooth (A), and the quatrefoil within circles {g). PLATE I. 5. From the open gallery in the interior of the tower is part of the work of Bishop Herbert de Losinga, in the reign of King William I. The clustered column or pier with semi-columns is here seen. No. 7. from the clerestory of the east side of the north transept of the same church has a singular column, the shaft of which is cut to imitate the scales of fish ; the archivolt has a range of billets in a deep hollow moulding. 8. From the south transept; 12. from the north-east transept: they exhibit the mixture of the semicircular and the pointed styles. 9. Is another specimen of the intersecting arcade, with a curious foliated column. — See Britten's Arch. Ant., vol. iv. p. 94, for an engraving of part of the chancel of this church. 11. Is one of the simplest specimens, though a bad one, of the intersected pointed arch. 13. In which the capital is adorned with the trefoil leaf: the archivolt- mouldings are bold and numerous, and a string-course is continued between the capitals. See Pugin's Specimens of Gothic Architecture for an account of this building, by E. J. Willson. Arcades — Plate II. 1 and 5. Canterbury cathedral : tomb of Archbishop Theo- bald in Trinity chapel^ circa 1200. 2, 6 and 7. Salisbury cathedral, 1218—1258. 3, 8 and 9. Beverley minster, clerestory of nave, circa 1260. 4. Lincoln cathedral, triforium of nave, 1195 — 1256. 1. The columns are slender, with clumsy disproportioned bases, and the spandrels are filled with foliage. The archbishop died in 110], and this tomb is said to have been erected to his memory soon afterwards ; the style however will hardly allow it to be considered earlier than 1200. 5. A specimen of the pointed trefoil-headed arcade is from the interior of the chapter-house, Canterbury, built between 1250 and 1280, and repaired or partly rebuilt in 1304. The spandrels are occupied by diaper- work. A series of these arcades forming seats, extends along both sides of the chapter-house. 2, 6 and 7. Are from Salisbury cathedral, which was begun by Richard Poore, Bishop of Sarum, about 1218, and completed by Bishop Giles de Bridport, 1258. — No. 2. is from the triforium of the choir ; No. 6. from that of the nave ; and No, 7. is one of the arched recesses, or seats in the interior of the chapter-house, which was probably built about 1260. The arches here exhibit a number of mouldings, the inner one of which is turned in cinque- foils, and springs from shafts with foliated capitals and well-moulded bases. No. 6. is a specimen of the open arcade, wherein four small arches are em- braced by a sweeping archivolt-moulding with the spandrels pierced by a quatrefoil and a cinquefoil. No. 7. is reniarkalde for a display of elaborate PLATE II. sculpture on the wall above the arcade, and for a series of busts or bracket-^ heads, which are curious for their diversity of forms, characters, and ex- pression. 3. A very acute arch, springing from slender columns, with capitals of numerous mouldings, and the inner archivolt decorated with the ball-flower is from the clerestory of the nave. The numerous mouldings of the caps, and the use of the ball-flower ornament in a hollow moulding up the sides of the arch, shew this specimen to be fast approaching to the Decorated style. No. 8. is a trefoil-headed arcade, composed of a number of plain mouldings, having sculptured busts at the junction of the label-mouldings. No. 9. is from the triforium of the nave, and is similar in form to No. 8, but with this variety, that each trefoil-headed arch has under and behind it a dwarf column, whence the halves of two pointed arches spring. 4. Affords an example of the triplicated arcade of two smaller arches under a larger ; the tympanum of the former is pierced by a quatrefoil. In that cathedral are many varieties of the open and panelled arcades of singular beauty and interest. Arcades — Plate III. Interlaced Mouldings: . 1. St. BotolpVs priory, Colchester, Essex, 1103—1116. 2. Malmsbury abbey church, Wiltshire, west end, circa 1140. 3. Norwich cathedral, wall behind the altar, circa 114.0. 4. St. John^s church, Devizes, wall of belfry, circa 1160. 5. Castle Acre priory churchy Norfolk, 1135 — 1148. 6. Bristol cathedral, chapter-house, circa 1150. 7. Wenlock priory, Shropshire, chapter-room, circa 1160. 8. Croyland abbey, Lincolnshire, west part of church, c. 1160. 9. 10, 11. St. Ethelbert's tower, in St. Augustine's monastery, Canterbury, circa 1 150. 12. Castle-Rising church, Norfolk, drca 1150. 13. St. James's church, Bristol, circa 1180. 14. Glastonbury abbey, north side of St. Joseph's chapel, c. 1180. 1. Is formed in a plain rude manner, with thin bricks apparently of Roman manufacture, the wall behind which consists of brick and rubble ; here is neither column nor moulding. It may however have been rebuilt in the- twelfth century. — Arch. Antiq., vol. i. p. 2, for illustrations, and an account of this very interesting and unique fragment of a church. 2. Beneath tjie windows on the south side and other parts of the walls, con- temporary with -this decoration, was a series of pointed arches, which separated PLATE III. the nave from the aisles of the church. Similar pointed arches are seen under the tower of St. John's church, Devizes, in the same county, the belfry walls of which are decorated with the interlaced arcade-mouldings, delineated No. 4. In tliis example, we perceive that one semicircular moulding intersects four others, and thereby forms three lancet arches. 3. From which fine edifice there are many interesting and genuine members of Anglo-Norman Architecture, illustrating the style and forms that were employed at the end of the eleventh century, when a large part of the building was erected by Herbert de Losinga, bishop of the see. Its tower, semicircular chapels near the east end, and apsis of the choir, afford good examples of Nonnan design, but from the character of the capitals, this particular portion is probably of a somewhat later period. 5. Which was founded by the first Earl Warren and Surrey, is rather an un- common example, the moulding of the arch mitres and joins the upright mullion, which is of corresponding form. — See Britton's Arch. Antiq., vol. iii. p. 21, for plan, illustrations, history and description of this ruined priory. The ground-plan shews the forms and situations of several of the monastic apartments. 6. Erected by Robert Fitzharding. The cable-moulding as well as cabled column prevail ; a bead ornament is also inserted in a hollow moulding, both in the arch and in the ribs of the vaulting. Perhaps there is not a more interesting example of an Anglo-Norman chapter-room than that at Bristol. 7. Interlaced mouldings, forming an arcade of singular character on the north side. In this building we find the architect giving latitude to his fancy, in distributing various mouldings, as well as several capitals and ornaments, over the surface of the wall. The chapter-room, like that of Bristol, was of parallelo- gramic form. — See Britton's Arch. Antiq., vol. iv. p. 34. 8. In this church there are four varieties of arcades, in which, as in No. 5, the mouldings are very large in comparison to those at Malmsbury and Devizes. See Britton's Arch. Antiq., vol. iv. 12. It shews the intersecting mouldings, with a diamond ornament, and a semicircular moulding within the lancet arch. The columns are clustered, and some of the capitals are formed of busts of human heads. — See Britton's Arch. Antiq., vol. v. p. ITS- IS. Is a unique example of the union of the semicircular and pointed inter- secting mouldings rn which three varieties of the arch are displayed. It is in the western wall, where there is a small circular window of unusual character. 14. Not only the arcades of this chapel, but its two doorways, staircase, turrets, windows, buttresses, &c., are entitled to the especial study of the architect and antiquary. — See Britton's Arch. Antiq,, vol. iv. p. 161, and Leland's Collec- tanea, vol. iii. p. 12. Arches — Plate IV. 1. Brixworth church, Northamptonshire. 2. Norwich cathedral, nave, 1122 — 1145. 3. Canterbury cathedral, crypt of Lanfranc, 1073 — 1086. 4. Winchester cathedral, south transept, 1079 — 1093. 5. Gloucester cathedral, crypt, 1089 — 1106. 6 and 10. Romsey church, Hampshire ; 6. clerestory of nave ; 10. doorway, north side of nave, 1180 — 1200. 7 and 13. Bristol cathedral; 7. vestibule to the chapter-house, drca 1180; 13. choir, 1306—1341. 8. Beverley minster, Yorkshire, doorway in north transept, circa 1200. 9. Abbaye aux Hommes, Caen, Normandy, clerestory of the choir, circa 1200. 11 and 17. Wells cathedral; 11. nave, 1239; 17. under the central tower, circa 1250. 12. Church of St. Ouen, at Rouen, Normandy, nave, 1319 — 1350. 14. Lincoln, gateway in the chancellor's house, circa 1500. 15 and 18. St. George's chapel, Windsor, nave, 1461 — 1481. 16. Henry the Seventh's chapel, Westminster, 1503 — 1512. 19. Diagram of an obtuse pointed arch. 20. Crosby hall, London, timber roof, 1470. 21. Diagram of a "rampant pointed" arch. 22. Fountain's abbey, Yorkshire, flat arch over fireplace, circa 1220. 1. Is a singular specimen of construction in English buildings, although common in the Roman edifices of the capital and provinces of Italy. As shewn in the engraving, the arch is formed by two rows of bricks placed perpendi- cular to the centre, and two other rows disposed at right angles with the former. — See Britton's Arch. Antiq., vol. v. p. 160 ; also for description, Rickman, p. 265-^*9. Arches of similar constniction and material are found in the Jewry wall, Leicester, and in the ruined church and pharos within the outer ballium of Dover castle. 2. The work of Herbert de Losinga. The archivolt is composed of several round and hollow mouldings, with the billet-ornament on the label-moulding. Nearly the whole of Norwich cathedral is of the same style and date. 3. An arch of the horse-shoe form : this crypt is certainly the largest and finest substructure of this class in England.— See Plates 28 and 29. PLATE IV. 4. A semicircular arch, stilted, and slightly horse-shoed, springing from a cord above the impost. There are many other arches of the same form. 5. Is a fine specimen of the true elliptical q^'ch, which is now so generally adopted in bridges, and which is supposed of modern invention. 6 and 10. A great part of this church is evidently of Transition character. For one of the windows, see vol. ii. Plate 149. It is a fine and interesting specimen of Anglo-Norman architecture. Its arches and arcades are numerous and various, including the semicircular, the horse-shoe, the lancet and obtuse pointed, the flat, &c. No. 6. is from the clerestory of the nave, and displays some eccentric combinations of arches and columns. The intrados and extrados of one series are insulated, and form arch-buttresses. No. .10, the arch-mouldings of a dooi*way on the north side of the nave, where the two sides of the arch are almost straight, meeting in an obtuse point. The capitals are elaborate, and the hollow mouldings filled with an ornament, which was generally employed at this period. 8. This example shews the combination of two pointed arches in the door- way, covered by a semicircular archivolt of several mouldings mitering with those of two blank arches of the acute lancet shape. 11 and 17. No. 17 is a singular example of the arch-buttress or arc-boutant, formed by a mass of masonry disposed as two arches, one above the other, and the points of the two mitering into each other. The spandrels are formed by several mouldings with circular apertures. This design was apparently adopted by the architect to support the weight of the lofty and heavy tower on the four tall arches which separate the nave, choir, and transepts of the building. There is a similar contrivance at Canterbury. 15 and 18. The first in the nave, and the latter covellng an ornamental niche raised by Bishop Beauchamp. The curve of the latter is struck from six centres, as indicated in the engraving, but in all probability it was originally foi-med by the hand. No. 15. is struck from foui:. Bishop Beaucliamp was ma^e " master and surveyor of the works" in 1470. 19 and 21. Are diagrams shewing the mode of drawing the arch by hand. No. 20, the timber roof of Crosby hall, London, is an interesting specimen of the carved work with pendants and fine corbels, which adorned -the baronial halls of our ancient mansions. Arches — Plate V. 1. .St. Alban's abbey churchy transept, 1077 — 1115. 2. Canterbury cathedral, crypt of Lanfranc, 1073 — 1080. 3. Malmsbury abbey church, Wiltshire, doorway, circa 1140. 4. 5, 6. Canterbury cathedral, crypt of William of Sens, 1175 —1184. 7. Fairford church, Gloucestershire, doorway, circa 1160. f PLATE V. 8. Castle Acre priory church, western doorway, 1135 — 1148. 9. Peterborough cathedral, nave, 1177 — 1193. 10. Creuilly church, Normandy, circa 1160. 11. Norwich cathedral, nave, 1122 — 1145. 12. St. Mary's church, Devizes, Wiltshire, porch, circa 1200. 1. This magnificent edifice containvS a series of work of almost every style and date in its buildings or smaller portions. It is a cross church, with a massive tower in the centre, and has had the various adjacent buildings of the monastery, of which only a gate-house remains. The tower, transepts, and some parts of the nave are Norman, of a plain bold character. — Rickman. 3. The remains of this abbey consist of the nave of the church, which has a Norman west end. There are also other Norman portions, but mixed with the later styles. There seems good ground to suppose that the earliest parts of this building arC'the work of Roger bishop of Salisbury, 1107 — 1142, but there are additions and alterations of various periods, so that it is difficult to affix a date to any particular portion. 4, 5, and 6. Arc varieties of arches from the same crypt, one of which, No. 6, shews the pointed arch of the same construction and style as the circular arch, and all evidently of as early date as 1184, when the Trinity chapel was erected. The form of this arch was regulated by the intercolumniation and height required to make it range with the others ; it is struck from two centres above the impost. The next arch (/) is slightly pointed, whilst {e) is semicir- cular and of wider span. 7. Adorned with the embattled fret, and with the columns and capitals fan- cifully ornamented. 8. This is called by Mr. Britton a double arch ; and he observes that it resembles many doorways in the churches of Normandy. It may also be frequently met with in England, as at Dorchester church, Oxfordshire : it generally indicates that the work is rather late Norman. 9. This arch is slightly horse-shoed, generally a mark of Transition, or of very late Norman. This and the other arches, with the walls, &c. of the church, are peculiarly solid and substantial. 10. With zig-zag and dove-tailed embattled mouldings. A similar arch remains in the conventual church at Ely. Arches — Plate VI. 1. Walsoken church, Norfolk, circa 1180. 2. Malmsbury abbey church, Wiltshire, circa 1180. 3,4, and 10. Canterbury cathedral; 3. choir; 4. south-east transept, 1175—1184; 10. nave, 1391—1411. 5. Salisbury cathedral, nave, 1218 — 1258. PLATE VI. 6. Lincoln cathedral, nave, 1195 — 1256. 7. York cathedral, nave, 1291—1330. 8. Chichester cathedral, choir, circa 1230. 9. Westminster Abbey, cloisters, circa 1350. 11. King's college, Cambridge, gateway, circa 1450. 12. Crosby hall, London, circa 1470. L This is of Transition character, though pointed in form, this arch as well as the old parts of the church are Norman. The inner archivolt is unusually and fancifully adorned with a sort of cusped engrailed moulding. See Cotman's Arch. Antiq. of Norfolk, pi. 52, 53, 54. 2. See Plate v. No. 3. 3. Choir of Canterbury cathedral which was in progress in 1180, under the direction of William of Sens, as recorded by Gervase of Canterbury. The apsis of L'Abbaye aux Hommes at Caen, is very similar in columns, arches, &c. 5. Salisbury cathedral was built by Bishop Poore, between 1218 and 1258. 6. The nave of Lincoln cathedral was rebuilt between 1195 and 1256 by Bishops Hugh and Grosteste, about the same time as the nave of Salisbury cathedral. The capitals of the columns are foliated, the mouldings are not so numerous nor is the height of the arch so great as at Salisbury. 7. The nave of York was commenced in 1291 and completed in 1330. The arches are highly pointed, but the mouldings are low and flat in comparison with the two preceding examples, the boldness of the Early English style being lost in the Decorated. 8. The choir of Chichester cathedral was erected by Bishop Neville about 1230. 9. Is another variety of the ogee arch, with its pediment, &c. 10. The nave of Canterbury cathedral was erected by Prior Chillenden, assisted by Archbishops Courtney and Arundel, between 1391 and 1411. 11. This part of King's college was built in the reign of Henry VI. Arches — Plate VII. 1. Elkstone church, Gloucestershire, circa 1150. 2. Avington church, Berkshire, circa 1150. 1. Is one of the most ancient buildings in this county, though its external appearance does not promise so much, having been considerably altered in the reign of Richard II. when the tower was built. Indeed little of its original architecture remains on the outside except a fascia running round the upper part of the nave, below which are a variety of grotesque heads and figures, and a round-headed window 'at the east end of the chancel, ornamented with an embattled fret. The south door is rich Norman ; over it is the figure of our Saviour sitting on a throne, with His right hand extended, and holding a book PLATE VII. in His left ; over His head is the figure of a hand pointing downwards, and round Him are the holy Lamb, and symbols of the Evangelists, all carved in basso relievo. This group of figures is surrounded by a semicircular arch of grotesque heads and zig-zag mouldings, which are very similar to those round the south door of Siddington church in this county. The appearance of the chancel is very singidar, the arches not being correctly circular, but exhibiting great irregularity, part of which has no doubt been occasioned by its decay. The columns and pilasters supporting the arches lean outward several inches beyond the perpendicular. The roof is very low, being not more than twelve feet in height, though on the outside it appears much higher than the nave, having a room built over it, the approach to which is by a narrow staircase on the north side. 2. This building remains nearly in its original state ; it is small, and quite plain on the outside ; within the walls it measures 75 feet by 14 feet 7 inches. The nave is separated from the chancel by an arch richly ornamented with zig-zag moulding, and a great variety of grotesque heads springing from two enriched piers, which lean outwards, and this appears to have been their origi- nal position, since the outside walls are upright. The arch is remarkable, being formed of the segments of two circles having different centres. The chancel appears to have had originally a groined roof of stone, the lower part of some of the groins remain, which are enriched with roses. At the east end are three small round-headed windows. — Lysons' Mag. Brit., Berks, p. 204. — The font in this church is Norman ; it is round, very large, and sculptured with figures under Norman arches. Bases — Plates VIII. and IX. I, 2, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Canterbury cathedral. 3. Winchester cathedral, crypt, 1079—1093. 7. Durham cathedral, 1093—1 104. 8. Castor church, Northampton, 1123. 9. 10. Salisbury cathedral, west front, circa 1250. II, 12. Westminster abbej^, circa 1250. 13. Norwich cathedral, circa 1200. 19. Lincoln cathedral, circa 1230. 1, 2, and 4. choir. These are from part of the work of William of Sens. 5, 6. South-east transept: this part of the cathedral was built by William the Englishman, and completed in the year 1184. 14 and 18. chapter-house, repaired in 1304 ; 15, 16, 17. nave, &c., 1391—1411. 3. The age of this crypt has been much disputed, but there appears little reason to doubt that it is part of the edifice commenced from the foundation PLATE VIII. by Bishop Walkelyu in 1079, completed in 1093, and dedicated on St. Swithen's day in that year. 8. Caster church, Northamptonshire. The central tower is profusely orna- mented on the exterior surface, and may be regarded as unique in England. Almost every variety of moulding and ornament of Anglo-Nonnan architecture are displayed on this edifice. The corbel-table with grotesque heads, the nebule, the billet, the spiral column, the doubled column, the toras, the flat and even zig-zag arch-mouldings are all employed, whilst the wall itself is adorned with the trowel and the scaly facing. With open arches, and con- tinued arcades all round, the two upper stories of the tower present a highly enriched effect. The lower story is however quite plain, whilst the summit is crowned with an octagonal spire rising within a perforated and em- battled parapet : both spire and parapet are comparatively modern. Other parts of this church, as well as the tower, are peculiarly interesting to the archi- tectural antiquary. Beneath the tower, and partly supporting four semicir- cidar arches, are three half columns attached to each pier, with regular capitals and bases. The capitals are ornamented with foliage and figures, among which are representations of two men fighting with clubs and shields, also dogs, a boar, deer, &c. Over the south door of the chancel is a stone forming a sort of lintel, but cut into a trefoil head, inscribed with these letters : XV KL MAI DeDICATIO HVI eCLC— AD. MCXXIII. which is read by Gibson XV— KL—MAII— DEDICATIO HVP ECCLE. A.D. M.C.XXIII. All the letters excepting XXIII. are raised on the face of the tablet, whilst these are cut into it. On the south side, near the west end, is a porch with a pointed arched entrance, over which is a basso relievo of a bust of our Saviour within an ornamented frame. The doorway between this porch and the church has two small columns on each side with sculptured bases and capitals re- sembling those beneath the tower ; and the door itself is adorned with carving, and inscription in these letters : f Eicardus Baby Kectoris ecclesia de castra' fe. The chancel has been partly rebuilt, and has three tall lancet- shaped windows on the north side, also a square niche and piscina in the same wall, and there are two pointed arched piscinas in the opposite wall. The church consists of a nave and aisles, with two circular columns between on each side, a chancel, a tower in the centre, and a transept. In the absence of all historical information respecting the age, &c. of this church, we may pretty safely refer its erection to the date above quoted, i. e. 1123, the 10th and 11th of Henry I. — There is an engraving of this tower in Britton's Archi- tectural Antiquities, vol. v. pi. 15. IX.— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9.— Wells cathedral, 1, 2. lady chapel, 1264; 3,4 chapter-house, 1292—1303; 5. nave, 1239; 7, 8. crypt under chapter-house, 1292 — 1303; 9. cast end, circu/ 1200. 6. Winchester cathedral, lady chapel, circa 1300. Plates X. and XI.— Bosses, and Rib Mouldings. X. — 1, 2. St. Sepulchre's church, Cambridge, 1101. 3 to 8. York cathedral, choir, 1361—1405 ; 9. nave, 1291— 1330 ; 10. Chapter-house, 1291—1330. 11. St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, 1330—1348. 12. Salisbury cathedral, entrance to the chapter-house, c. 1260. 1 and 2. Are examples of the earliest Noi-man bosses, bold and simple. The building consisted of a circular wall, which was originally perforated with six semicircular-headed windows, and an ornamented doorway of the same shape. The latter is still very perfect and apparently in the original style of decoration. Within the outer wall is a circular colonnade of eight columns ; these are short and massy, without any base, and with a narrow oniamented capital, which varies in different columns : eight semicircular arches spring from diese besides some groined mouldings, which tend to support the vault of the sur- rounding aisle : some of these ribs are indented with the zig-zag ornament. Above these arches is a continued arcade, consisting of two small semicircular arches beneath one archivault, immediately over the lower arch, and between each of the two arches is a large short column, the diameter of which is nearly equal to its height, and two small three-quarter columns or shafts attached to it. 11. St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, was erected in the reign of Edward III. between 1329 and 1360. The whole edifice appears from its remaining parts, and from the views and descriptions of it made public, to have been an ela- borate and splendid example of the architecture of the fourteenth century. An ecclesiastical edifice was founded here in the time of King Stephen, but it was refounded and endowed by Edward III. After the Reformation, this royal establishment having reverted to the crown, was granted by Edward VI. to the Commons of England for their sessions or sittings, and for that purpose it was ever used until destroyed by fire in 1840. The subject of the sculpture on this boss is evidently the stoning of St. Stephen. For an elaborate account of this very interesting structure, the glory of its age, and the rival of La Sainte Chapelle, in Paris, see Mr. Mackenzie's accurate and valuable account of it. XI.— 1, 2, 3, 6. Wells cathedral, lady chapel, 1248—1264; 4, 5. South aisle of choir; 9. South transept, 1214 — 1239. 7. St. George's chapel, Windsor, nave, 1461 — 1481. 8, 10, 11, 12. Windsor, a lecturer's room, circa 1450. 1 , 2, 3, 6. Built by Bishop Bitton, who died in 1264, and was buried " in nova capella Beatae Marise Virginis." 4, 5. The work of Bishop Joceline de Welles commenced about 1214, and consecrated in 1239. He died in 1242, and was buried in the choir. 7. St. George's chapel, Windsor. King Henry I. is said to have erected the original chapel within the precincts of Windsor castle, for eight canons, and to PLATE XI. have dedicated it to King Edward the Confessor. This was afterwards either rebuilt or enlarged by Henry III., who, in 1243, issued a commission to Walter de Gray, archbishop of York, to expedite the work by keeping the labourers constantly employed both in winter and summer till the whole was completed. A part of the building then erected is presumed to be now re- maining, as a series of closed arches, of the style of that age, is seen on the south side of the dean's cloisters, and some others, with a rich door, remain against the wall behind the altar at the east end of the present chapel. 8, 10, 11, 12. A room in one of the prebendal houses at Windsor. Plate XII. — Brackets. 1. Buildwas abbey, Shropshire. 2, 3. St. Mary Overee church, Southwark, circa 1250. 4, 5. WeUs cathedral, crypt under chapter-house, 1293 — 1302 ; 13, 14. Nave, 1214—1239. 6. Laycock abbey, Wiltshire, circa 1250. 7, 8. York cathedral, lady chapel, 1405. 9. Wooton church, Huntingdonshire, circa 1250. 10. Canterbury cathedral, dean NeviFs chapel, 1447. 11. Chepstow castle, circa 1250. 12. Salisbury cathedral, entrance to chapter-house, 1250. 15. Crosby Hall, London, circa 1470. 1. In an architectural point of view, this building may be esteemed a curiosity of some moment, as there is reason to suppose that it exhibits one of the earliest and most uniform examples of the " mixed style," now remaining in England. The roof was probably vaulted throughout, as the chancel cer- tainly was, for the corbels remaining in the centre of the north and south walls distinctly point out the direction of the groining. These corbels are very neatly worked and preserved quite perfect, as well as those which support the great arches under the tower on the east and west sides. There are several engravings of this interesting ruin in Britton's Arch. Ant., vol. iv. p. 50. 2. Is a large and very fine cross church, with a large and lofty tower at the intersection, containing one of the heaviest and finest peals of bells in the kingdom. A large portion of this church is Early English, of a character curious and valuable, with some parts and some insertions of later date. The details of many parts of this church were very good and in fine preservation, and the whole church is worthy of attentive examination. (Rickman.) The chancel has been restored, and the nave destroyed within the last few years. 6. Still retains many apartments and relics of its ancient monastic character, some remaining nearly in their former state, the most perfect of which is the PLATE XII. cloister. There is an engraving of these magnificent cloisters in Britton's Arch. Ant, vol. ii. p. 120. 7, 8. The contract for glazing the great eastern window is dated August 10th, 1405. 9. This church has a chancel of very great beauty, the east end particularly ; it is Early English, and the mouldings remarkably fine. The peculiar corbel supporting this bracket is called a Mask, and is more frequently used in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries than at a later period. 10. This ought rather to be called a Pedestal than a Bracket. 13, 14. These two support vaulting shafts, and would therefore be more cor- rectly called Corbels than Brackets. 15. Crosby hall is situated on the eastern side of Bishopsgate-street, London, near St. Helen's church, and is so surrounded by houses as to be visible only on one spot, where it is entered by a flight of modern steps, projecting towards the passage leading to Crosby square. With two adjoining chambers it con- stitutes the only existing portion of Crosby place, so called from Sir John Crosby, by whom it was built, who was a citi/en of great wealth and power in the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV. He obtained from the prioress of the neighbouring convent of St. Helen a lease of certain tenements for the term of ninety-nine years from 1466. These tenements he appears to have pulled down, and erected the mansion of Crosby place for his own residence. After his death it was occupied by Richard duke of Gloucester during the period he acted as protector of the realm and the person of his unfortunate nephew Edward V. Here therefore most probably those plans were engen- dered, and those treacherous and bloody acts resolved upon, which eventually placed the diadem on the head of that bold usurper. In the hall, which is still standing, he received the address of the Lord Mayor and commonalty of the city, when they came at the instigation of Buckingham to urge him to accept the crown. See Play of Richard III. Plates XIII. and XIV. — Buttresses. 1. Canterbury cathedral, east end, 1184. 2. Salisbury cathedral, nave ; 3. cloisters, 1218 — 1258. 4. Lincoln cathedral, nave; 5. east end, circa 1250. 6. Beverley minster, nave, circa 1320. 7. Gloucester cathedral, nave, 1318 — 1329. 8. Louth church, east end, circa 1320. 9. Bromham church, Wiltshire, circa 1400. 6. The earliest parts of the present building may be dated shortly after 1188, when the old church was destroyed by fire. The architecture of these parts resembles that of Salisbury cathedral, exhibiting a plain simple style ; the plan is also similar, having a double transept : the roofs are also vaulted PLATE XIII. with stone, and the columns like those in that cathedral are neatly wrought with clustered shafts, and capitals composed of plain mouldings without foliage. The nave is more modern than the choir and transept, and the western front is the work of the fifteenth century, (e. J. Wiilson.) There are engravings of this heautiful church in Britton's Arch. Ant, vol. v. Plates 41 — 45. No. 9. is a large structure, and consists of a chancel, two aisles, and a chapel or chantrey on the south-east. This chapel appears to have heen erected at the same time and by the same persons as that appended to St. John's church at Devizes. The frieze and cornice of the exterior are charged with roses, two chains, and various quarterings of arms, and at the ends of the mouldings around the windows are sculptured angels holding shields. The figure of an angel is also placed over the east window, supporting naked figures of chil- dren, and over the west window is a canopy similar to that at Devizes. The interior of this chapel is painted and embellished with gilt ornaments of difierent kinds on a blue ground. From the number of nails fixed in the wall, it is conjectured that it was hung with funeral achievements; only two helmets, two flags, and part of a doublet and gloves remain. Plate XIV. — Flying Buttresses, or Arch Buttresses. 1. Salisbury cathedral, south transept, 1250. 2. Canterbury cathedral, nave, 1391 — 1411. 3. Westminster abbey, nave, 1250. 4. Louth church, Lincolnshire, 1502 — 1512. 5. Rosslyn chapel, Edinburgh, 1446 — 1479. 6. Henry the Seventh's chapel, Westminster, 1500 — 1520. 7. Tower of St. Nicholases church, Newcastle, circa 1450. 2. This is part of the work of Archbishop Courtney — b. roof of aisle ; — c. section of wall and parapet. 3. This is a double flying buttress, which is unusual — d. the lower arch. 4. The battlement of the tower, octagonal pierced turrets, and pierced flying buttresses to the spire, give a richness and lightness to this steeple possessed by few edifices of the same style. The cornices are mostly filled with flowers and other enrichments, and the whole church forms a valuable study of the style. There are engravings of this beautiful tower and spire in Britton's Arch. Antiq., vol. iv. Plates 1 and 2. 5. In a manuscript memoir of the house of Douglass in Richard Augustine Hay's collections, preserved in the Advocate's liibrary at Edinburgh, is the following account of the first building of Rosslyn chapel, and of other works performed by William Saintclair, the magnificent earl of Orkney. " He builded the church walls of Roslin, having rounds, with lair chambers and galleries thereon. He builded also the forework that looks to the north-east. He builded the bridge under the castle, and sundrie oflice houses. In the PLATE XIV. south-east side thereof over against the chapell wall, he made plaiiie the rock on which the castle is builded for the more strength thereof, and he planted a very fair orchard. But his age creeping on him made him con- sider how he had spent his time past, and how to spend that which was to come. Therefore to the end he might not seem altogether unthankful to God for the benelices received from Him, it came in his minde to build a house for God's service of most curious work, the which that it might be done with greater glory and splendour, he caused artificers to be brought from other regions and forraigne kingdomes, and caused dayly to be abundance of all kinde of workmen present, as masons, carpenters, smiths, barrowmen, and quarriers, with others ; for it is remembered, that for the space of 34 years before, he never wanted great numbers of such workmen. The fundation of this rare worke he caused to be laid in the year of our Lord, 1440. And to the end the worke might be more rare, first he caused the draughts to be drawn upon Eastland boards, and made the carpenters to carve them, according to the draughts thereon, and then gave them for patterns to the masons, that they might thereby cut the like in stone, and because he thought the masons had not a convenient place to lodge in near the place where he builded this curious colledge, for the towne then stood half a mile from the place where it now stands, to witt at Bilsdon burne, therefore he made them to build the town of Roslinc, that is now extant, and gave every one of them a house and lands answerable thereunto. So that this town all that time by reason of the great concourse of people that had recourse unto the prince, (for it is remembered of him that he entertained all his tenants that were any way impoverishd and made serve all the poore that came to his gates, so that he spent yearly upon such as came to beg att his gates 120 quarters of meale) became very populous and had in it abundance of victualls, so that it was thought to be the chiefest towne in all Lothian except Edinburgh and Hadingtone. He rewarded the masons according to their degree ; as to the master masone he gave £40 yearly, and to every one of the rest he gave £10, and accordingly did he re- ward the others, as the smiths and the carpenters with others." The chapel was not completed during the life of the founder, who died in 1479; but his successors made some additions to the building, and to the establishment. The sacristy, vestry, or subterraneous oratory east of the chapel, was founded by his lady, " Dame Elizabeth Douglass." Some addi- tions to the original endowment were made in 1522, by William St. Clair, of Rosslyn. The establishment here was intended to be a college for a provost, six prebendaries, and two singing boys; and the collegiate chapel was cer- tainly designed to be much larger than it appears at present. There are fourteen plates of this curious chapel in Britton's Arch. Antiq., vol. iii. p. 63, &c. 7. Erroneously called St. Mary's on the plate — h, the arch, or flying-but- tress ; — i. " a small curved rib or stay, the utility of which is not easily accounted for." Plates XV. and XVI. — Capitals. XV. — 1, 2, 10. Canterbury cathedral ; 1. crypt under choir, 1073—1080; 2. crypt under Trinity chapel ; 10. choir, 1175— 1184. 3. Bristol abbey gate-house, circa 1180. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11. Romsey abbey church, Hants, circa 1160; 11. Nave, circa 1220. 9. Bury St. Edmund's tower, 1121—1130. 1. See Crypts — Plate 29. This is part of the original work of Lanfranc. 2. Trinity chapel, with the crypt under it, is part of the work of William the Englishman in continuation of that of William of Sens. 3. This is Norman below and Perpendicular above : the gateway, with its arch -mouldings, the shafts and arches in the passage, and the details, is one of the most elaborate specimens of Norman work, and the preservation of its original sharpness, of all the most minute carved detail, is one of the best tests of the value of the oolite in which it is executed. The age of this building has been much disputed ; Mr. Britton puts it down at 1 140, but no one who has ex- amined this building can doubt that it is late Norman and Transition work, with a superstructure of the fifteenth century ; the use of the tooth ornament shewn in the plate proves that it must have been vert/ late in the Norman style. 4 to 8. From the older part of the abbey church at Romsey, Hants. 1 1. From the nave of the same church of the first pointed style. The latter has an abacus taking the sweep or form of the column, with rich foliated sculp- ture beneath it. The other examples have square abaci and are charged with sculptured representations of animals, human figures, foliage, &c., and thus very closely resemble many capitals in the old churches of Normandy. See Cotman's Arch. Antiq. of Normandy; also Pugin's Arch. Antiq. of Normandy; and The Crypt, vol. i. p. 210. No. 7. has rude representations of two builders, a king, &c., with the square or a triangular rule, having an inscription on it thus : " Robert TuTE, consul. C.D.S. ;" also " Robert me fecit." — XVL— 1, 2, 3, 13. Canterbury cathedral; 1, 2. choir, 1175— 1184; 3. south-east transept; 13. chapter house, 1304. 4. 5, 6, 7. Salisbury cathedral, chapter-house, 1250 — 1260. 8. Winchester cathedral, lady chapel, 1470 — 1524. 9. York cathedral, south transept, 1227 — 1250. 10. 11. Norwich cathedral, cloisters, 1297—1400. 12. Norwich school-house, circa 1320. 8. This is part of the work of Priors Hun ton and Silkstede, 1470 — 1524, the rebus of the name of each o( these priors is to be found sculptured in differ- PLATE XVI. ent parts of this chapel : the letter N in a tun or barrel, and a horse or steed with a skein of silk ; the former in the spandrels of a doorway, the latter on the bosses of the roof, to the vaulting-shaft of which this capital belongs. 9. This is said by mistake on the plate to be from the choir. 11. The cloisters of Norwich were commenced in 1297, and not completed until 1430. No. 1 0. belongs to the earliest part, and No. 1 1 . nearly to the latest. 13. The chapter-house of Canterbury was repaired in 1304 by Henry de Eastria. Plate XVII. — Durham Cathedral. GROUND-PLAN. Extreme length, 507 feet outside, 476 inside. Extreme breadth, 194 feet outside, 170 inside. A. Galilee, or great western porch, divided into five aisles by four rows of pillars, three in each row. B. Vestibule, or space at the west end, called also the atrium, or narthex, and supposed by some to be the same as the " parvise." C C. Two western towers, height 143 feet; the space under these seems to have formed part of the atrium, or parvise. D D. Nave, length 203 feet ; breadth between the pillars 37 feet ; height 70 feet. E E. Aisles of nave ; breadth of nave and aisles together 82 feet. F. North transept; length 170 feet. G. South transept ; breadth 59 feet. H. Central tower; height 210 feet. 1 1. Eastern aisle of transept. K. Choir ; length 93 feet from organ-screen to altar-steps ; breadth, with aisles, 79 feet; height 70 feet. L. The High Altar. M M. Aisles of the choir. N. Modern vestry. 0 0 0. The Chapel of the Nine Altars, or Lady Chapel. P. An apartment called by Mr. Carter the Parlour. Q. The chapter-house. PLATE XVII. R R R R. The cloisters ; length interior 145 feet, breadth the same. S. Remains of a laver, or conduit. T T T. Small rooms, supposed by Carter to be cells or prisons for '' offending monks.^^ U. Passage from the cloisters to the deanery. W. Hall of the deanery. XXX. Buildings of the priory. Y. Crypt of the private chapel. Z Z Z Z. Basement of the refectory, a. Great kitchen of the monastery. b b. Kitchen offices. c d e f g h. Rooms under the large dormitory. i k k k. Prebendal houses, gardens, &c. P. Said by Carter to be tlie place where " merchants used to sell their wares." Q. The original and fine Norman chapter-house was wantonly destroyed by Mr. Wyatt and the oflBcers of the cathedral in 1800, and a modern room built on its site. Mr. Carter remonstrated strongly against this destruction, but in vain — See Gentleman's Magazine, 1801. Plates XVIII. and XIX. — Compartments. XVIII. — Durham cathedral, nave; A. exterior, B. interior, 1094—1129. Canterbury cathedral ; C. interior of small transept; D. ex- terior of Trinity chapel, 1175 — 1184. 8. marks the principal window of the aisle, 6. the triforium window, and 4. the clear-story window. As shewn at 7, 7, the external compartments are divided from each other by buttresses, which in other and later examples are infinitely varied in form. In the interior compartment, 1 . is the timber frame-work of the roof, 2. the arch forming the eastern termination of the nave, and supporting tlie western side of the central tower; 11. the clustered column belonging to such arch ; 3, 4, the stone vaulting of the nave ; 5. the clear-story ; 7. the triforium ; and 10. the main columns and arches of the nave. The part shaded darker is the aisle, a doorway and arcade in which are marked figures 12 and 13. The three first stones of this cathedral were laid with great ceremony in 1093, by Bishop William de Carileph, Malcolm, king of Scotland, and Turgot the prior, a man of great learning and fiime, and eventually bishop of St. Andrew's. Before the death of Flambard in 1129, the nave with its aisles PLATE XVIII. was finished up to its vault or roof. The original wooden roof of the nave was removed, and the present groining of stone substituted in its stead, by Thomas Melsonby, who was prior from 1233 to 1244, and who evinced considerable taste in associating the architecture of his period with that of a century before his time. Raine's Guide to Durham Cathedral, 12mo. 1833. C. 1, frame-work of roof; 2,3,4, vaulting shewing its thickness, and the ele- vations and sections of the main ribs ; 5, clear-story ; 6, triforium ; 7, arcade over the main arches ; 8, clustered column shafts supporting ribs of vaulting ; 9, one of the main arches of the transept ; 10, panelling of the side wall ; 1 1, pis- cina and ambrey ; 12, ground-plan of semicircular recess or chapel. D. 1, leaded roof; 2, plain parapet ; 3, small loophole window; 4, roof of aisle ; 5, flying and attached buttresses ; 6, main window of the chapel, with pointed head ; 7, ditto with semicircular head ; 8, windows of crypt ; 9, in plan and in elevation, chief and bold projecting buttresses; 10, pilaster buttresses. In 1174 this church was partly destroyed by fire, of which a particular account is given by Gervase, who witnessed it. To renovate the edifice both French and English architects were consulted, and the plan of William of Sens (Senonensis) being most approved, he was entrusted with the work. He began the new parts in 1175; his improvements were interrupted in 1178 by his falling from a scaffold fifty feet high. William Anglus, or the Englishman, was appointed to succeed him, and he proceeded to raise the vault to the north and south parts of the transept^ and completed the east end of the choir. Trinity chapel, and the round tower, called Becket's crown, from its foundation. This work he is said to have completed in 1184. In 1220 the chapel and altar, which had been consecrated to the Holy Trinity, were dedicated to St. Thomas the Martyr, whose relics were removed thither. XIX. — Salisbury cathedral, nave : A. exterior, B. interior, 1250. Exeter cathedral, nave: C. exterior, D. interior, 1300. A. i, marks the aisle and its windows ; .L. AiLCADES , OF ik:terlaced mouldings. absPiT. QiTi-.-2 Mal-Disbuj-yA'hb. Qm;- aHorwicli CaLth : 4 . S *: J otus C'hn-.IJexrizeB . 5. Cattle Acre Pn-. 6.brJSUU CaJJi ; ..W-jUock idAbl)-.-9.10.1J.S^Aa^stines Qi-a: Cajixariury.- 12. Castle Rii,in(^- Cbu:-13.S^ .ladies Chu. Bristol. H. $t-Josepb«. Oia.p: GlasLo — , 1' JLeKeux.Sc A-RCHE S . a:-2. Soru-icc Cali.- -3.Caxircrb-urv CaAh. Crypl . -4.V\''mdh.est«r CAXit. - 6. Gloucestfr Cath; Ci-ypt . -6. Ramsey Chvu 7gcl3. Brlsrtol Cnjii i8T-9..M,L-.Au-ic Homines. C.h.^: Ca^pn.-lO.Pv.o-nise.'v^ Ch-ii: il.Weils C^li-.-I?. Cku: S^ Ouen. Rouen. -14. Lincoln . rh»unc»>Uor^ Oa-tewa_- -esGiav.Wind^or. 16, Heiity Vll.aia.p-. -17. Wplk Catii-. 19. 21. PoliUed U-Rampaja Poiiu<>oro Ca.th: 10. Cbirch at QreaEy.lfcfrm'r n.lforwidi Csuth.} 12. Porch at' S^ Miarv.s Qui: Devizes. ARCHES: POINTED STYILE . y 1 WaUokej) Ciiu : N on f 2.Milmsl)vn-y- Abt: C3iu: 3.Ca3iter?CaxhvQLoir . 4 .Canter-'' Catii.'SX. Traits? ^.Salist-": Cath.; :Save. .*A'^<_'11«? Cathedral. La.-. 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S.Reptrm Qiu.. CTypt. 9.VValihain Abb: Chu: 10.Chu:of .S! feK-T Norai* 12 .Cbuioi' S^ Cross. m f^ irrij ^ J^J\/_Ar / / / M el ^S^ rumj 2 LH_ILJOLJLn_H_IL.ILJUl CORBEL TABLES L2.4. CastOT- Ck-u; North.! 3. S! Peters Ch.\i . Oxfatd . 5. ST- Peters Oruiliortli? 6.1ffle_y Chti: OatforA* 7. Salijibuiy Cjcdi^ fl.Adel Cli-u:Yofkshirp . gPetprboro Ca.th'. lO. Kfitton. Chii: Northa-inptoii.SkLre. I .JXfK>ui-rc. 1 . ' . 8 . S a.li sb-ary Ciilx\ 4 5 6. Yoik Cath^ WesrDoor CROCKETS . . CaiiTerbiiTy CatJi^ .MonV of Aljp: Kemp . 10.11. S^ Gro.Chap: \V\nAsor. D9 OrgaxL Screen. l.L anil erne. Coruiwall. 4. Weai- SI Denis. T^anr-e. CROSSES. 2. Marga-m South viTales. S.Wnltham. Elsex . 3 . S*. Patri r^i s C? of LoT.ith. . 6. Iron Acton, Glovicesterslm-e . CKOSS-ES Off GABL-ES.&c. 1. Gloucesxer Cath: 2. Horsted Ch-arch . 3.TrmT Chu: Cami. ! 4 5 .« 17 . SaJi^urr Cati^^ 7. e.MertoD ToU: Oxford. 9.10. Than Chu; Normandj. 11.13. Peterboro Ca.tb^ 12 Rnsi-s Coll: Chap: Ca_mb . 14. Tewkesbury Abb:am. 15.ST Max>s Ctu: Gloster. ICID. ^Clincoln CaA^ IS.^orwich CatJiedraJ . C Baiicr id. J.XeKeni. £c. CiLNTEBBTIEY CATHEDRAL CHURCH. CBYrXS CAKTERBUKT" C AT1TF.DILA3L . atXPTS. ■A.TrmTl.T Chapel R-c B. Chcir 4-c. DOOR-"WAXS. 1 Bi-vxvforfti Qiixrcli. 2. Earls BartoB N^anii ai^anncL. CathecLral . 4 T.ssendinp Cburcli 3 -Bartrcrton Qrarch 6 Hv CarLVfutual Giu. DOOR Ways LJfws HouEP Lincoln. ;^. SaJisburv Caxhedral. 4.SG«orgip's rha.p: Windsor. ."j.TatiiP.rshall i;H«*ch. 5. Norwu-h .Schod Houbp. 6.Horn Cliurch Essex. ^VstJ! S.iUyner.Del DOOR -WAYS. LHi^^am Ferrers Chu: North' SJ^chfield Cath^ West End. 2. Chapter House. Lichf? Cath^ 4. York Cath^ W. End. FINIALS . 1. LaLvejiham Chu: SufTei . ^.Qoisttt-s. Norwich Caih.. 4.6.SELlisb^ Cathi B? Bridports Kon'. 5. D? B? Bingham's U: '/.H.entVll.Chap: Great Pier. S. Winchester Ca.thl 9.5! Geo: Cliap'. Windsor. Niche to B? Beajuehftmp. !i.Ju.„,.r D.I. FONTS. l.EastMeon Chu: :?.Avel3wry Chu; 3. S^ Michaels Chii: Sou.th? 4.Bo